{
  "abstract": "Background/Objectives: We examined global and dimension-specific childhood maltreatment in relation to cross-sectional illness burden in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Methods: This retrospective, single-center, case-only study included 104 records from November 2025 to June 2026. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire–Short Form (CTQ-SF) was completed during TRD assessment. Primary outcomes were elapsed ongoing major depressive episode (MDE) duration and retrospectively reconstructed lifetime failed antidepressant-trial count; illness duration and previous MDEs were secondary. Models adjusted for age, sex, and extraction block; false discovery rate (FDR) correction covered 28 tests. Results: CTQ total and trauma load showed no significant linear associations. Per 5 points, physical abuse was associated with longer elapsed MDE duration (+50.3%; 95% CI, 24.0–82.2%; p < 0.001; q < 0.001) and more failed trials (IRR = 1.20; 95% CI, 1.10–1.30; p < 0.001; q < 0.001). Sexual abuse was associated with longer elapsed duration (+59.8%; 95% CI, 26.5–101.9%; p < 0.001; q = 0.001). Physical-abuse associations did not survive FDR correction in mutually adjusted subscale models; the failed-trial association also weakened after episode-duration adjustment. Emotional-neglect associations were inverse and require caution. Conclusions: These cross-sectional findings are hypothesis-generating and require prospective replication with standardized treatment histories and remission outcomes.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. d’Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy",
    "Department of Mental Health, ASL 02 Lanciano-Vasto-Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy",
    "Department of Pediatrics, Università degli Studi G. d’Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy",
    "Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Clinical Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 16,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Giacomo d’Andrea",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6808-3960"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Luca Persico"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Arianna Rosati"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Clara Cavallotto",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-2484-245X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Emilia Esposito"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Alessia Santeusanio"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Michela D’Angola"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ilenia Rosa"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lorenzo Pio Padula",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-0854-4984"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Antonio Arrè"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Corinna Bozzelli"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Alessandra De Franco"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lorenzo Varrica"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Gianfranco Tamagnini"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Mauro Pettorruso",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4164-3040"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Giovanni Martinotti",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7292-2341"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fqeszqn6n88m7.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/jcm15208182",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13706073/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "fqeszqn6n88m7",
  "issns": [
    "2077-0383"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/15/20/8182",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "3203|Child Abuse and Trauma"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223176984",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13706073/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13706073",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fqeszqn6n88m7.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:01Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/jcm15208182",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/15/20/8182"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:45Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13706073",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13706073"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:3203|Child Abuse and Trauma",
      "subfield": "psychiatry"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Dimension-Specific Childhood Maltreatment and Cross-Sectional Markers of Illness Burden in Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Retrospective Single-Center Study",
  "title_text": "Dimension-Specific Childhood Maltreatment and Cross-Sectional Markers of Illness Burden in Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Retrospective Single-Center Study",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:21:45Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fqeszqn6n88m7",
  "venue": "Journal of Clinical Medicine",
  "versions": []
}