{
  "abstract": "Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) hold therapeutic promise, but clinical translation is limited by low yields. Physiological electric fields (EFs) naturally present during wound healing, embryonic development, and cancer progression—processes known to involve elevated production of sEVs. Here, we demonstrate that physiological-strength EFs (direct current, 50-200 mV/mm) dramatically enhance sEV secretion, achieving nearly 100-fold increases strength-dependently. Mechanistically, EFs augmented intraluminal vesicle formation within multivesicular bodies. Using giant plasma membrane vesicles, we observed EF-induced nanoscale vesicle formation, supporting an EF-driven membrane electroassembly and vesiculogenesis hypothesis. Notably, alternating current EFs (50 – 400 Hz) were 80-90% less effective than direct current EFs, highlighting membrane electropolarization-dependent modulation. Lipid raft/ceramide inhibition almost abolished EF-induced sEV secretion. Inhibition of the PI3K abolished approximately half of EF-triggered sEV release. Our findings not only unveil EFs as a potent physiological regulator of sEV secretion but also establish a biomimetic, high-yield production strategy leveraging bioelectric cues.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Nursing, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China",
    "Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China",
    "Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China",
    "Material Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China",
    "School of Life Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China",
    "Department of Cancer Prevention, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China",
    "Department of Nutrition and Toxicology, School of Public Health and Nursing, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China",
    "Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China",
    "Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Department of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China",
    "Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA USA",
    "Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA USA",
    "Center for Uterine Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy Research, The Affiliated Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 19,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shiwen Huang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Liangjing Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Chuan Sun"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Runze Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yaojie Zhao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jie Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Liyan Zhai"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Yue Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Tianhui Chen",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4677-0361"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Yifei Cao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Qin Song"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Xianrong Xu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Jianyun Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Xiaohua Tan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Jiandong Wu",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1153-3120"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Guangdi Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9,
        10
      ],
      "name": "Min Zhao",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2500-3035"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6,
        11
      ],
      "name": "Jun Yang",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9401-3528"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yan Zhang",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7082-0942"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fqmsr18f7hdqt.bib",
  "cited_by": 1,
  "doi": "10.1038/s42003-026-10526-z",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13728139/",
  "id": "fqmsr18f7hdqt",
  "issns": [
    "2399-3642"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-026-10526-z",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1312|Extracellular vesicles in disease"
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  "openalex": "W7167081450",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-026-10526-z_reference.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13728139",
  "pmid": "42393254",
  "published": "2026-07-02",
  "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fqmsr18f7hdqt.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-06T12:23:52Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13728139",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-026-10526-z"
    }
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1312|Extracellular vesicles in disease",
      "subfield": "molecular-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Electric fields trigger ceramide-dependent vesicle budding and boost the generation of small extracellular vesicles",
  "title_text": "Electric fields trigger ceramide-dependent vesicle budding and boost the generation of small extracellular vesicles",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-07T12:21:11Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fqmsr18f7hdqt",
  "venue": "Communications Biology",
  "versions": []
}