{
  "abstract": "The continued emergence of diverse beta-coronaviruses (β-CoVs) from animal reservoirs underscores the urgent need for broad-spectrum mucosal vaccines, yet their development is hindered by physiological barriers, rapid antigen clearance, and suboptimal multivalent display strategies. To address this, we intranasally immunized BALB/c mice (n = 3 or 4 per group) with 5 or 15 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) displaying the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) receptor-binding domain (RBD, 5 μg per mouse) and adjuvanted with the STING agonist cGAMP (20 μg per mouse). Guided by the serotyping of STING agonist-elicited neutralizing responses, we generated AuNP-Mix co-displaying six representative β-CoV RBDs for comparative immunological evaluation against single-RBD AuNP formulations. Antigen delivery, pulmonary retention, mucosal and systemic immune responses were evaluated via in vivo imaging, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, pseudovirus neutralization assays, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and challenge studies. We demonstrated that 5 nm AuNP-RBD adjuvanted with cGAMP exhibited superior mucosal penetration and lung retention, induced robust local and systemic immunity, and elicited cross-neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants, SARS-CoV, and SARS-related coronaviruses. Intranasal immunization with AuNP-Mix elicited broader mucosal/systemic immune responses than those achieved with simple RBD mixtures, as demonstrated by its potent neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants, SARS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and divergent MERS-like viruses. These findings establish AuNP-based mosaic display as a versatile platform for next-generation mucosal vaccines.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Muzhuo Wang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Weijie Wang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wei Xu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Zhikai Chen"
    },
    {
      "name": "Junlan Zhang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Zeya Li"
    },
    {
      "name": "Jiadong Li"
    },
    {
      "name": "Shibo Jiang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Lu Lu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Zezhong Liu"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fr80b6kyjrzvr.bib",
  "cited_by": 2,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.hlife.2026.07.002",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13681678",
  "id": "fr80b6kyjrzvr",
  "issns": [
    "2949-9283"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42904043",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2725|SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7170048645",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13681678?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13681678",
  "pmid": "42904043",
  "published": "2026-07-22",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fr80b6kyjrzvr.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:59Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42904043",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42904043"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2725|SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research",
      "subfield": "infectious-disease"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Intranasal gold nanoparticle-antigen induces mucosal and systemic immunity against β-coronaviruses.",
  "title_text": "Intranasal gold nanoparticle-antigen induces mucosal and systemic immunity against β-coronaviruses.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:59Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fr80b6kyjrzvr",
  "venue": "HLife",
  "versions": []
}