{
  "abstract": "Objectives: To evaluate kinanthropometric profiles, somatotypes, Phantom z-scores, and methodological discrepancies among nine body fat percentage (%BF) equations relative to the Katch & McArdle comparator equation across combat sports. Methods: Sixty-seven elite male athletes (Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu: n = 17, Muay Thai: n = 16, Wrestling: n = 16, Taekwondo: n = 18) underwent complete ISAK profiling. Differences across disciplines were assessed via ANOVA, while inter-equation agreement was evaluated using repeated-measures ANOVA, Bland-Altman metrics, Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (ρc), and principal component analysis (PCA). Results: Striking and grappling disciplines exhibited distinct morphological profiles, with Taekwondo displaying an ecto-mesomorphic habitus versus the endo-mesomorphic profile of grappling combat sports. Substantial systematic differences and proportional biases were observed across %BF equations (p < 0.001). Withers demonstrated the highest agreement with the comparator equation, whereas Durnin & Womersley showed a marked positive bias. PCA ordination (accounting for 71.78% of variance) successfully separated morphological robusticity from linearity. Conclusions: Anthropometric %BF equations produce substantial systematic discrepancies and should not be considered interchangeable when monitoring combat athletes. External validation against an independent criterion method is required before establishing absolute body fat values.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Altius Performance Laboratory, Physical Education and Sports Program, Universidad Surcolombiana, Neiva 410010, Colombia.",
    "Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno 5290000, Chile.",
    "School of Kinesiology, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago 8370993, Chile.",
    "Program of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Basic Sciences, Fundación Universitaria Navarra (UNINAVARRA), Neiva 410010, Colombia.",
    "Faculty of Physical Education, National Pedagogical University, Bogotá 110221, Colombia.",
    "Faculty of Physical Culture, Sport and Recreation, Universidad Santo Tomás, Tunja 150001, Colombia.",
    "Body, Physical Activity and Sport Study Group (GECAFD), Sports Department, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia.",
    "Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, CIBERFES, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Armando Monterrosa-Quintero",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7150-4834"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Alex Ojeda-Aravena",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2406-9622"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Adriana Guzmán-Sanchez",
      "orcid": "0009-0006-6800-9097"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Boryi A Becerra-Patiño",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9581-5071"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Julian Mauricio Soto Morcote"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jorge Alberto Charry Fernandez"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6,
        7
      ],
      "name": "Adrián De la Rosa",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6854-5988"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/frfn8zx39a7a0.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/jfmk11040435",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13692339",
  "id": "frfn8zx39a7a0",
  "issns": [
    "2411-5142"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42924714",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2737|Body Composition Measurement Techniques"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223001642",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13692339?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13692339",
  "pmid": "42924714",
  "published": "2026-10-20",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/frfn8zx39a7a0.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:33Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42924714",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42924714"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2737|Body Composition Measurement Techniques",
      "subfield": "physiology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Anthropometric Profiling, Somatotype Differentiation, and Methodological Discrepancies in Body Fat Estimation Across Combat Sports: A Comparative Multi-Equation Analysis.",
  "title_text": "Anthropometric Profiling, Somatotype Differentiation, and Methodological Discrepancies in Body Fat Estimation Across Combat Sports: A Comparative Multi-Equation Analysis.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:33Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/frfn8zx39a7a0",
  "venue": "Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology",
  "versions": []
}