{
  "abstract": "Bio-based nanomaterials have emerged as promising drug delivery platforms due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ability to enhance therapeutic performance. Conventional drug delivery systems are often limited by poor drug solubility, rapid degradation, low bioavailability, and nonspecific distribution, particularly for natural bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, alkaloids, and terpenoids. Recent advances in nanotechnology have enabled the development of bio-based nanocarriers capable of improving drug stability, controlled release, intracellular transport, and site-specific delivery. This review provides an updated overview of natural nanomaterials used in drug delivery, including polysaccharide-, protein-, lipid-, and green-synthesized inorganic nanocarriers. Major delivery platforms such as nanoliposomes, micelles, nanosuspensions, solid lipid nanoparticles, and polymeric nanostructures are discussed alongside their mechanisms of action, including passive targeting via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, ligand-mediated active targeting, and stimuli-responsive drug release. The review further examines recent applications in cancer therapy, gastrointestinal disorders, delivery of natural bioactive compounds, vaccines, gene therapy, and neurological diseases. In addition to highlighting therapeutic advantages, this review critically discusses current translational challenges, including large-scale manufacturing, batch reproducibility, long-term safety, biodistribution, immunogenicity, and regulatory limitations. A key contribution of this review is the integration of comparative analysis and translational perspectives across major bio-based nanocarrier systems, highlighting the need for standardized evaluation frameworks and scalable production strategies. Future research should focus on reproducible green synthesis methods, quantitative benchmarking, advanced characterization approaches, and clinically relevant validation studies to accelerate the translation of natural nanomaterials into pharmaceutical applications.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq",
    "Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Southern Delta University, Ozoro, Nigeria",
    "Advanced Technical College, University of Warith AlAnbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq",
    "Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Southern Delta University, Ozoro, Nigeria",
    "Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Southern Delta University, Ozoro, Nigeria",
    "Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Southern Delta University, Ozoro, Nigeria",
    "Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus",
    "Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Southern Delta University, Ozoro, Nigeria",
    "Department of Chemical and Petroleum Industries Engineering Techniques, Polytechnic College of Engineering Specializations - Baghdad, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq",
    "Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq",
    "Irfan Suat Gunsel Operational Research Institute, Near East University, TRNC Mersin 10, Nicosia, 99138, Turkey",
    "Al-Ayen Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen Iraqi University, AUIQ, P.O. Box: 64004, An Nasiriyah, ThiQar, Iraq",
    "Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria",
    "Department of Physics, Michael and Cecilia Ibru University, Agbarha-Otor, Ughelli North, Delta State, Nigeria"
  ],
  "article_type": "review",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 16,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Great Iruoghene Edo",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2048-532X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Ali B.M. Ali"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Michael Chukwuma Okolie",
      "orcid": "0009-0008-5537-4479"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Joshua Othuke Orogu",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8756-6124"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Kugbere Emumejaye",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4812-8313"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ephraim Evi Alex Oghroro",
      "orcid": "0009-0008-1836-903X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Agatha Ngukuran Jikah",
      "orcid": "0009-0006-8777-8203"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Emad A. Yousif",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1458-4724"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ufuoma Augustina Igbuku",
      "orcid": "0009-0008-0805-9070"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Joseph Oghenewogaga Owheruo",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1588-8175"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Arthur Efeoghene Athan Essaghah",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7040-2900"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Dina S. Ahmed",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2205-4061"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Raghda S. Makia",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1490-7469"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10
      ],
      "name": "Huzaifa Umar"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11
      ],
      "name": "Ahmed A. Alamiery"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12,
        13
      ],
      "name": "Ibiyinka Fuwape",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7525-9293"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/frmt39wn7wmd7.bib",
  "cited_by": 5,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.pscia.2026.100126",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "frmt39wn7wmd7",
  "issns": [
    "2773-2169"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscia.2026.100126",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2502|Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery"
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  "openalex": "W7162106369",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13223796",
  "pmid": "42232345",
  "published": "2026-05-22",
  "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/frmt39wn7wmd7.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:27:01Z",
      "native_id": "W7162106369",
      "source": "openalex",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscia.2026.100126"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:2502|Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Bio-based nanomaterials in drug delivery: An updated review",
  "title_text": "Bio-based nanomaterials in drug delivery: An updated review",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-07T13:21:07Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/frmt39wn7wmd7",
  "venue": "Pharmaceutical Science Advances",
  "versions": []
}