{
  "abstract": "High-energy-density supercapacitors are attracting increasing interest as electrochemical energy-storage devices capable of bridging the gap between conventional electric double-layer capacitors and rechargeable batteries. However, increasing energy density while preserving high power capability, long cycle life, and safety remains a major challenge. This review critically examines the role of interfacial redox chemistry and carbon/transition-metal-compound architectures in the development of high-energy-density hybrid supercapacitors. Particular attention is given to the transition from purely surface-controlled double-layer storage to pseudocapacitive and battery-type charge-storage mechanisms, emphasizing how electrode composition, nanoscale morphology, porosity, electrical conductivity, electrolyte compatibility, and interfacial stability determine practical performance. Carbonaceous materials, including activated carbons, graphene-derived structures, carbon nanotubes, and hierarchical porous carbons, are discussed as conductive and structural scaffolds for transition-metal oxides, hydroxides, sulfides, and mixed-valence compounds. The review further analyses key characterization approaches, including cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electron microscopy, highlighting how these techniques help distinguish capacitive, pseudocapacitive, and diffusion-controlled contributions. Finally, the review discusses current challenges related to mass loading, electrode density, voltage-window optimization, electrolyte selection, cycling stability, and practical device metrics. By linking interfacial chemistry, nanostructured electrode design, and realistic performance evaluation, this review aims to provide a focused framework for the rational development of high-energy-density hybrid supercapacitors.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Nanomaterials Research Group, Department of Natural Sciences and Technology, Division of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environment, Universidad Ana G. Méndez-Gurabo Campus, Gurabo, PR 00778, USA",
    "Environmental Catalysis Research Lab, Division of Science, Technology and Environment, Cupey Campus, Universidad Ana G. Méndez, Cupey, PR 00926, USA"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Cristian Martínez-Perales",
      "orcid": "0009-0000-1340-3296"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Abniel Machín",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4134-3344"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "María C. Cotto"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Francisco Díaz"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "José Duconge"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Francisco Márquez",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3520-9181"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fsd0vqrjq0q06.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/batteries12110461",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "fsd0vqrjq0q06",
  "issns": [
    "2313-0105"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/12/11/461",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-03",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fsd0vqrjq0q06.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T00:24:21Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/batteries12110461",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/12/11/461"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "issn:2313-0105",
      "subfield": "electrochemistry-energy"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Beyond Surface Area: Interfacial Redox Chemistry in High-Energy-Density Hybrid Supercapacitors",
  "title_text": "Beyond Surface Area: Interfacial Redox Chemistry in High-Energy-Density Hybrid Supercapacitors",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-05T00:20:54Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fsd0vqrjq0q06",
  "venue": "Batteries",
  "versions": []
}