{
  "abstract": "Background\n\nGeranic acid (GA, E-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienoic acid) is a natural monoterpenoid with antimicrobial,anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, holding great potential in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. However, current chemical synthetic routes suffer from poor stereoselectivity and reliance on harsh reagents, restricting its scalable production. This study established a sustainable and stereoselective enzymatic route for producing high-purity GA from citral, and evaluated its protective effect against UVB-induced photodamage in keratinocytes.Methods\n\nA novel geranial dehydrogenase (GeDH) from Pseudomonas sp. was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) via high-density fed-batch fermentation. GA was biosynthesized from citral using a GeDH/NADH oxidase (NOX) cofactor regeneration system, and characterized by GC-QTOF-MS and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The anti-photodamage activity and underlying mechanisms of GA were systematically investigated in UVB-irradiated HaCaT keratinocytes.Results\n\nThe biocatalytic system achieved efficient citral-to-GA conversion with over 98% trans-stereoisomeric purity, and NOX-mediated cofactor recycling significantly improved process feasibility and economy. In UVB-exposed HaCaT cells, GA dose-dependently alleviated oxidative stress, restored mitochondrial homeostasis, and suppressed Ca²⁺ influx and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion via downregulating the TRPV1/NF-κB axis. Furthermore, GA attenuated DNA damage, and inhibited the expression of senescence-associated proteins.Conclusion\n\nThis study provides a sustainable biomanufacturing strategy for high-purity GA. The biosynthesized GA exerts multi-layered photoprotection in keratinocytes, strongly supporting its development as a natural anti-photodamage active ingredient for cosmetic and dermatological applications.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "PROYA Cosmetics Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jiaxin Lin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ping Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xianzhe Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lingling Xuan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shuling Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jing Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hu Huang"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fves05eev2c79.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fbioe.2026.1891436",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13710334",
  "id": "fves05eev2c79",
  "issns": [
    "2296-4185"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42948097",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1312|Enzyme Catalysis and Immobilization"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221686860",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13710334?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13710334",
  "pmid": "42948097",
  "published": "2026-10-13",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fves05eev2c79.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T00:20:34Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42948097",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42948097"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T12:21:19Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13710334",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1891436"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1312|Enzyme Catalysis and Immobilization",
      "subfield": "molecular-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Enzymatic synthesis of geranic acid and its protective effects against UVB-induced skin photodamage.",
  "title_text": "Enzymatic synthesis of geranic acid and its protective effects against UVB-induced skin photodamage.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-31T12:21:19Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fves05eev2c79",
  "venue": "Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology",
  "versions": []
}