{
  "abstract": "Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) frequently exhibit M2-like properties that support tumor progression. Deoxycholic acid (DCA), a secondary bile acid with amphiphilic membrane activity and context-dependent immunomodulatory effects, may influence macrophage phenotype. This study developed mannose-targeted DCA-loaded nanoliposomes and evaluated their physicochemical characteristics, cell-associated uptake, cytotoxicity, and effects on polarization-associated markers in THP-1-derived M2-like macrophages. Cellular uptake was assessed qualitatively by DiI fluorescence microscopy in two replicate experiments. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay over 0.25-100 µM, and CD80/CD206 expression was assessed by flow cytometry after exposure to 10 or 20 µM DCA for 48 h. The targeted formulation had a mean hydrodynamic diameter of 155.1 ± 0.34 nm, a PDI of 0.28, a zeta potential of -12.8 ± 0.6 mV, spherical morphology, and an encapsulation efficiency of 82.94%. HPLC showed a DCA-associated peak at 6.215 min in the reference standard, disrupted DCA-loaded liposomes, and the unencapsulated fraction, whereas no corresponding peak was detected in the mobile-phase or blank-liposome controls. The formulation produced concentration-dependent cytotoxicity, with an estimated IC ₅₀ of 13.47 µM. At 20 µM for 48 h, the percentage of CD206-positive cells changed from 76.8 ± 2.31% to 21.7 ± 1.98%, whereas the percentage of CD80-positive cells changed from 18.6 ± 1.72% to 68.3 ± 2.54%. Because 20 µM exceeded the estimated IC ₅₀ , these observations may partly reflect selective cell loss. Flow-cytometric measurements were performed in triplicate (n = 3), but confirmation in independent biological experiments remains necessary. Additional viability-matched and functionally validated experiments are required.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Win Darmanto"
    },
    {
      "name": "Sri Puji Astuti Wahyuningsih"
    },
    {
      "name": "Firli Rahmah Primula Dewi"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ally Kafesa"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mochammad Aqilah Herdiansyah"
    },
    {
      "name": "Rr.Aulia Rahmawati Kusuma Putri"
    },
    {
      "name": "Liew Kai Bin"
    },
    {
      "name": "Intan Zarina Zainol Abidin"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fx5z2ee1xx1pe.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-73503-w",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "fx5z2ee1xx1pe",
  "issns": [
    "2045-2322"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-73503-w",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2502|Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223088958",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-73503-w_reference.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-21",
  "publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fx5z2ee1xx1pe.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:33Z",
      "native_id": "10.1038/s41598-026-73503-w",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-73503-w"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:2502|Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Targeted deoxycholic acid-loaded nanoliposomes enhance cell-associated uptake and modulate polarization-associated markers in THP-1-derived M2-like macrophages",
  "title_text": "Targeted deoxycholic acid-loaded nanoliposomes enhance cell-associated uptake and modulate polarization-associated markers in THP-1-derived M2-like macrophages",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:33Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fx5z2ee1xx1pe",
  "venue": "Scientific Reports",
  "versions": []
}