{
  "abstract": "Background: Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive substance worldwide, yet nationally representative evidence on long-term consumption trends remains limited in Korea. This study aimed to evaluate temporal trends in beverage-derived caffeine intake among Korean adults between 2016 and 2024, identify major beverage sources, and examine demographic factors associated with high caffeine intake (≥400 mg/day).\n\nMethods: Data were obtained from the 7–9th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. We included adults aged ≥19 years with valid 24-h dietary recall data. Caffeinated beverages were identified using beverage food codes and product information recorded in the dietary database and classified into five categories: coffee, tea, energy drinks, cola-type beverages, and cocoa-based beverages. Daily caffeine intake was estimated using beverage-specific caffeine concentrations derived from national monitoring data. Survey-weighted linear and logistic regression models accounting for the complex sampling design were used to assess temporal trends and associations with high caffeine intake.\n\nResults: Among 48,991 adults, mean daily caffeine intake increased over time (β = 1.66 mg/day per year; 95% CI, 1.05–2.27), and the odds of high caffeine intake also increased (OR = 1.05 per year; 95% CI, 1.02–1.07). Coffee was consumed by 90.8% of caffeine consumers, with a shift from coffee mixes toward brewed coffee. Women aged 30–44 years had higher odds of high caffeine intake (aOR = 1.62; 95% CI, 1.21–2.16), whereas adults aged ≥65 years had lower overall odds (men: aOR = 0.37; 95% CI, 0.25–0.53; women: aOR = 0.23; 95% CI, 0.12–0.44).\n\nConclusions: Caffeine intake among Korean adults has increased, driven by shifts in coffee consumption. The rising odds of high caffeine intake among working-age adults highlights the need for continued surveillance and targeted public health guidance.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Trial Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital , ,",
    "Department of Family Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital , ,"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jinmi Kim"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Gyu Lee Kim"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Young Jin Tak"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Seung Hun Lee"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Young Jin Ra"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yu Hyeon Yi"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fxd0f99q9wgn6.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2026.1913422",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13724484/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "fxd0f99q9wgn6",
  "issns": [
    "2296-861X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13724484",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2736|Coffee research and impacts"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222952969",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13724484/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13724484",
  "pmid": "42973711",
  "published": "2026-10-19",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fxd0f99q9wgn6.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T15:20:50Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13724484",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13724484"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T12:23:03Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13724484",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2026.1913422"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T15:20:48Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42973711",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42973711"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2736|Coffee research and impacts",
      "subfield": "pharmacology-toxicology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Beverage-based caffeine intake and high consumption trends among Korean adults, 2016–2024: a nationwide population-based study",
  "title_text": "Beverage-based caffeine intake and high consumption trends among Korean adults, 2016–2024: a nationwide population-based study",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-05T12:21:14Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fxd0f99q9wgn6",
  "venue": "Frontiers in nutrition",
  "versions": []
}