{
  "abstract": "Background/Objectives: Among young children, self-reported dietary assessment has unique challenges, limiting ability to accurately assess intake. This review describes methods used to support accuracy of self-reported dietary intake, including support tools, proxy reporting, and methods to determine diet misreporting and its prevalence, for assessing energy intake (EI) among young children (2–12 years). Methods: Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, relevant databases were searched in October 2024 and November 2025. Studies published since 2000, using a self-reported dietary assessment methodology and reporting on total EI among children between the ages of 2 and 12 years, were included. Two reviewers completed title and abstract screening. After achieving a 94% inter-rater agreement on full-text review of a random sample of 20% of texts, the remaining full texts were reviewed by a single reviewer. Results: The 52 included articles reported 24-h dietary recalls (n = 23) and food records (n = 14) as the most common individual assessment methods. The use of at least one support tool (i.e., visual aids, household utensils) was commonly reported (n = 36); however, using multiple support tools (n = 13) or technology-based supports (n = 1) was less common. Proxy reporting was frequently reported (n = 31) and occurred in all studies in which children were ≤ 5 years; however, few studies used multiple-proxy reporters (n = 6). A limited number of studies (n = 9; 17%) reported that caregivers and children were trained for the dietary assessment, but none actually described in detail what the training entailed for using support tools or proxy reporting. Only 40% of studies reported procedures for identifying dietary misreporting; among those that did, methodologies varied, yet all identified evidence of dietary misreporting. Conclusions: Self-reported dietary assessment used varying strategies to support assessment accuracy. Evaluating which support tool, combination of support tools, or the use of proxy or multiple-proxy reporters, relative to the burden that may be associated with their use, on increasing accuracy of self-reported dietary intake is needed. Additionally, details on implemented methodologies need to be consistently reported to support replication.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Nutrition and Public Health Sciences, The University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA",
    "Center for Nutrition and Health Impact, Omaha, NE 68022, USA",
    "College of Education, Health, and Human Sciences, The University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA",
    "University Libraries, The University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Emilie Holloway Pratt"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Elizabeth Anderson Steeves"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Katie Kavanagh"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Angela Fidler Pfammatter",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0081-4090"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Niki Cobb",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5445-7688"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Hollie A. Raynor",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3782-9504"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fyg24ab7wh6bv.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/nu18213631",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "fyg24ab7wh6bv",
  "issns": [
    "2072-6643"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/21/3631",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-31",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fyg24ab7wh6bv.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T00:26:35Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/nu18213631",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/21/3631"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "issn:2072-6643",
      "subfield": "nutrition"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Methods Used to Support Dietary Assessment Accuracy in Young Children: A Scoping Review",
  "title_text": "Methods Used to Support Dietary Assessment Accuracy in Young Children: A Scoping Review",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-05T00:21:09Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fyg24ab7wh6bv",
  "venue": "Nutrients",
  "versions": []
}