{
  "abstract": "Immunological Nonresponse (INR) in people living with HIV (PLWH) is characterized by inadequate CD4+ T-cell recovery despite effective viral suppression through antiretroviral therapy (ART). This systematic review and meta-analysis identify key clinical, demographic, and molecular predictors of INR to optimize immune recovery strategies. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines, yielding 59 eligible studies, with a total of 19,511 individuals with INR. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS), and pooled effect estimates were calculated as odds ratio (OR), mean difference (MD), or standardized mean difference (SMD). Significant predictors of INR included male sex [OR 1.33 (1.12–1.58)], older age [MD 2.61 (1.42–3.81)], intravenous drug use [OR 1.67 (1.15–2.42)], hepatitis B coinfection [OR 1.30 (1.08–1.57)], hepatitis C coinfection [OR 1.85 (1.50–2.28)], tuberculosis [OR 1.77 (1.41–2.21)], advanced HIV stage [OR 2.66 (2.34–3.02)], and lower baseline and nadir CD4+ counts [SMD −3.82 (−4.94-(−2.70)), SMD −1.69 (−2.69-(−0.68))], respectively. Additionally, 57 biomarkers were identified as potential predictors of INR, implicating several immunological pathways. These findings underscore the multifactorial nature of INR and the need for personalized approaches among ART-treated individuals.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Doctoral Program of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia",
    "Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia",
    "Master of Medical Sciences in Clinical Investigation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America",
    "Master of Public Health Program, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia",
    "Center for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia",
    "Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia",
    "Department of Physiology and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia",
    "Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia",
    "Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia",
    "Division of Global and Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Future Social Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan",
    "Division of Gastroenterohepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Soetomo Teaching Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia",
    "Helicobacter pylori and Microbiota Study Group, Institute Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia"
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 12,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Brian Eka Rachman"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yehuda Tri Nugroho Supranoto"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Fitri Revita Nurannisa"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Siti Mei Saroh"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Siti Qamariyah Khairunisa"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Citrawati Dyah Kencono Wungu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Dian Paramita Kartikasari"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Nasronudin Nasronudin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Masanori Kameoka"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Muhammad Miftahussurur"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10
      ],
      "name": "Retno Pudji Rahayu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11
      ],
      "name": "Afif Nurul Hidayati"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fym9tbv4wsc03.bib",
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  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0358793",
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  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
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  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
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  "native_subjects": [
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      "/Medicine and health sciences/Immunology/Immune response"
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      "/Medicine and health sciences/Public and occupational health/Preventive medicine/Vaccination and immunization/Antiviral therapy/Antiretroviral therapy"
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  "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0358793&type=printable",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-12",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fym9tbv4wsc03.ris",
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  "subjects": [
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  "title": "Predictors of immunological non-response despite virological suppression in people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis",
  "title_text": "Predictors of immunological non-response despite virological suppression in people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:30Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fym9tbv4wsc03",
  "venue": "PLOS One",
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}