{
  "abstract": "Enzyme-Induced Carbonate Precipitation (EICP) represents a sustainable advancement in geotechnical engineering for stabilizing fine-grained soils (e.g., silt). Utilizing plant-derived urease (~12 nm) to catalyze urea hydrolysis, this technique generates calcium carbonate (CaCO3) for soil reinforcement. Unlike Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation (MICP), EICP overcomes microbial size constraints (0.5–3 µm) by penetrating soil micropores, enabling uniform cementation. Its innovative single-phase low-pH method achieves >98% calcium conversion efficiency, yielding 6.41 MPa unconfined compressive strength (UCS) in sand—a 92.97% improvement over MICP. EICP demonstrates versatility: enhancing soil strength (up to 650% for silt), erosion resistance (wind erosion modulus increased ~20-fold), anti-seepage performance (permeability reduced from 10−6 to <10−9 cm/s), and heavy metal immobilization (>99%). However, challenges include unstable crystal morphologies (e.g., excessive vaterite), urease stability/cost constraints, and environmental concerns related to NH3 emissions from urea hydrolysis. The manuscript acknowledges these emissions’ impacts and introduces mitigation strategies: ammonia capture technologies, optimized dosing protocols, and exploration of alternative N-sources. Long-term durability data under complex field conditions remain insufficient. Ongoing research addresses these gaps through nucleating agents (dried skim milk, biochar), enzyme immobilization, process optimization, and byproduct treatment. As a low-carbon technology with targeted mitigation measures, EICP advances environmentally conscious soil stabilization practices. This study presents a comparative narrative analysis of EICP’s performance and challenges, integrating laboratory findings and field applications.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Shandong Hi-Speed Construction Management Group Co., Ltd., Jinan 250098, China",
    "Shandong Hi-Speed Qidong Highway Co., Ltd., Liaocheng 252299, China",
    "School of Qilu Transportation, Shandong University, Jinan 250002, China"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Y LI"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Shengya Zhou",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-2101-1115"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Fankai Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Zhiyu Dong"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Xiangtai Fan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Zhi Ge",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5719-5791"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Chong Li",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2380-7777"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Hongzhi Zhang",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7474-4665"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fyyf78d20jhk4.bib",
  "cited_by": 6,
  "doi": "10.3390/geotechnics6020053",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "fyyf78d20jhk4",
  "issns": [
    "2673-7094"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics6020053",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2305|Microbial Applications in Construction Materials"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7163155388",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-05-29",
  "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fyyf78d20jhk4.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T13:20:39Z",
      "native_id": "W7163155388",
      "source": "openalex",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics6020053"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "openalex:2305|Microbial Applications in Construction Materials",
      "subfield": "environmental-science"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Enzyme-Induced Carbonate Precipitation (EICP) for Soil Stabilization: A Review of Mechanisms, Applications, and Future Challenges",
  "title_text": "Enzyme-Induced Carbonate Precipitation (EICP) for Soil Stabilization: A Review of Mechanisms, Applications, and Future Challenges",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T13:20:55Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fyyf78d20jhk4",
  "venue": "Geotechnics",
  "versions": []
}