{
  "abstract": "Complex avian locomotor behaviors depend on the coordinated operation of neural processes involved in sensory perception, decision-making, and motor execution. Exogenous neural stimulation can alter motor output by intervening in neural processes, but its effects may depend on the current locomotor state. Here, we investigated the locomotor-state dependence of formatio reticularis medialis mesencephali (FRM) microstimulation in freely flying pigeons. Individualized stimulation parameters were screened under stable laboratory conditions and kept constant during free-flight experiments. Flight-state features before and during stimulation were extracted, and state-response models were constructed to quantify their associations with stimulation-evoked turning responses. Results showed that flight state during stimulation was more closely associated with turning responses than pre-stimulation state, with acceleration during stimulation making the largest contribution. When acceleration during stimulation was above the individual mean, turning-response dispersion decreased by 32.92%. In addition, pre-stimulation angular velocity was positively associated with acceleration during stimulation, indicating that the pre-stimulation locomotor state contains information related to the consistency of subsequent stimulation-evoked responses. These findings demonstrate that the effects of FRM microstimulation are locomotor-state dependent and provide a basis for identifying appropriate neuromodulation timing and improving response stability under complex locomotor conditions.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.",
    "Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain-Computer Interface Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Zhuo Tang",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0504-5270"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Suchen Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Mengmeng Li",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2788-0314"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Zhigang Shang",
      "orcid": "0009-0005-1383-3639"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fz11667m3apnx.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/ani16203213",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13700548",
  "id": "fz11667m3apnx",
  "issns": [
    "2076-2615"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42939144",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2805|Motor Control and Adaptation"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221607477",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13700548?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13700548",
  "pmid": "42939144",
  "published": "2026-10-13",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fz11667m3apnx.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:12Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42939144",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42939144"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:2805|Motor Control and Adaptation",
      "subfield": "neuroscience"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Locomotor-State Dependence of Neuromodulation During Avian Free Flight.",
  "title_text": "Locomotor-State Dependence of Neuromodulation During Avian Free Flight.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:12Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fz11667m3apnx",
  "venue": "Animals : an open access journal from MDPI",
  "versions": []
}