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Peer-reviewedCC BY-NC-NDCurrent neurology and neuroscience reports

Sleep Spindles and Slow Oscillations as Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease.

  • Arsenio Páez1,2,3,4
  • Gerard Piñol-Ripoll5,6,7,8
  • Farida Dakterzada5,8
  • Thien Thanh Dang-Vu9,10
10 affiliations
  1. 1Centre de Recherche de L'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé Et Services, Sociaux du Centre-Sud-de-L'île-de-Montréal, Montreal, H3W 1W5, Canada. [email protected].
  2. 2Sleep, Cognition and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Concordia University, Montreal, H4B 1R6, Canada. [email protected].
  3. 3Nuffield Department for Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2JD, UK. [email protected].
  4. 4Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. [email protected].
  5. 5Unitat de Trastorns Cognitius, Cognition and Behavior Study Group, Hospital Universitari Santa Maria Universitat de Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, 25198, Spain.
  6. 6Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, 25003, Spain.
  7. 7Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Fundació de Recerca Clínic - Institut d, Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, 08036, Spain.
  8. 8Department of Experimental Medicine, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, 25003, Spain.
  9. 9Centre de Recherche de L'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé Et Services, Sociaux du Centre-Sud-de-L'île-de-Montréal, Montreal, H3W 1W5, Canada.
  10. 10Sleep, Cognition and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Concordia University, Montreal, H4B 1R6, Canada.
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Abstract

Purpose of review

This review critically evaluates evidence on sleep spindles (SP), slow oscillations (SOs), and their coordination in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD), focusing on their relationships with cognition, AD biomarkers, and their therapeutic potential.Recent findings

Longitudinal studies associate greater SP and/or SO activity with better cognition and favourable amyloid and tau profiles after clinical onset. Spindle and SO coupling may index network integrity. Preserved NREM sleep oscillations are associated with lower orexin concentrations and weaker adverse relationships between orexin and cognitive and neuropsychiatric outcomes. Closed-loop acoustic stimulation and slow-oscillatory transcranial direct-current stimulation can modify SO activity, spindle activity, and coupling, although cognitive and biomarker benefits remain uncertain. Spindle-SO activity, including their temporal coupling, are associated with cognition and AD biomarkers across the disease continuum. Closed-loop acoustic and electrical stimulation can modify these oscillations, but biomarker-characterized trials in MCI and AD are needed to determine whether treatment produces durable cognitive and biomarker benefits.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{paez2026sleep,
  title = {{Sleep Spindles and Slow Oscillations as Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease.}},
  author = {Arsenio Páez and Gerard Piñol-Ripoll and Farida Dakterzada and Thien Thanh Dang-Vu},
  journal = {Current neurology and neuroscience reports},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1007/s11910-026-01528-9},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42900250},
  note = {CC BY-NC-ND},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Sleep Spindles and Slow Oscillations as Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease.
AU  - Arsenio Páez
AU  - Gerard Piñol-Ripoll
AU  - Farida Dakterzada
AU  - Thien Thanh Dang-Vu
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/20
JO  - Current neurology and neuroscience reports
DO  - 10.1007/s11910-026-01528-9
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42900250
AB  - Purpose of review  This review critically evaluates evidence on sleep spindles (SP), slow oscillations (SOs), and their coordination in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD), focusing on their relationships with cognition, AD biomarkers, and their therapeutic potential.Recent findings  Longitudinal studies associate greater SP and/or SO activity with better cognition and favourable amyloid and tau profiles after clinical onset. Spindle and SO coupling may index network integrity. Preserved NREM sleep oscillations are associated with lower orexin concentrations and weaker adverse relationships between orexin and cognitive and neuropsychiatric outcomes. Closed-loop acoustic stimulation and slow-oscillatory transcranial direct-current stimulation can modify SO activity, spindle activity, and coupling, although cognitive and biomarker benefits remain uncertain. Spindle-SO activity, including their temporal coupling, are associated with cognition and AD biomarkers across the disease continuum. Closed-loop acoustic and electrical stimulation can modify these oscillations, but biomarker-characterized trials in MCI and AD are needed to determine whether treatment produces durable cognitive and biomarker benefits.
SN  - 1528-4042
SN  - 1534-6293
ER  -