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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0PLOS One

Prediction of the properties of sintered copper-graphite composites using response surface methodology

  • Ankit1
  • Vineet Kumar2
  • Manvandra Kumar Singh3
  • Gopal Ji4
  • Swayam Prakash Kutar5
  • Sandeep Kumar Gupta6
  • Raj Bahadur Singh
  • Rohit Kumar Singh Gautam
  • Jitendra Kumar Katiyar
6 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kamla Nehru Institute of Technology, Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
  2. 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
  3. 3Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
  4. 4Department of Material Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India
  5. 5Department of Mechanical Engineering, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
  6. 6Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Abstract

The present study aims to predict the density and hardness of copper-graphite composites prepared by powder metallurgy using response surface methodology. Copper-graphite composites were investigated for phase composition and microstructure properties. Density and hardness values were assessed using a central composite design, followed by RSM-based optimization. Sintering temperature, holding time, and graphite weight percentage were used as process parameters, while density and hardness were the response variables. The significance of process conditions was assessed using ANOVA. A quadratic regression model was fitted to estimate the response variable values. It was found that the density and hardness values were highest in the composite containing 3.06 wt.% graphite, sintered at 944°C for 1.5 h. The calculated values demonstrated excellent agreement with the experimental data, exhibiting negligible errors.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{ankit2026prediction,
  title = {{Prediction of the properties of sintered copper-graphite composites using response surface methodology}},
  author = {Ankit and Vineet Kumar and Manvandra Kumar Singh and Gopal Ji and Swayam Prakash Kutar and Sandeep Kumar Gupta and Raj Bahadur Singh and Rohit Kumar Singh Gautam and Jitendra Kumar Katiyar},
  journal = {PLOS One},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0357759},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0357759},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Prediction of the properties of sintered copper-graphite composites using response surface methodology
AU  - Ankit
AU  - Vineet Kumar
AU  - Manvandra Kumar Singh
AU  - Gopal Ji
AU  - Swayam Prakash Kutar
AU  - Sandeep Kumar Gupta
AU  - Raj Bahadur Singh
AU  - Rohit Kumar Singh Gautam
AU  - Jitendra Kumar Katiyar
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/11
JO  - PLOS One
DO  - 10.1371/journal.pone.0357759
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0357759
AB  - The present study aims to predict the density and hardness of copper-graphite composites prepared by powder metallurgy using response surface methodology. Copper-graphite composites were investigated for phase composition and microstructure properties. Density and hardness values were assessed using a central composite design, followed by RSM-based optimization. Sintering temperature, holding time, and graphite weight percentage were used as process parameters, while density and hardness were the response variables. The significance of process conditions was assessed using ANOVA. A quadratic regression model was fitted to estimate the response variable values. It was found that the density and hardness values were highest in the composite containing 3.06 wt.% graphite, sintered at 944°C for 1.5 h. The calculated values demonstrated excellent agreement with the experimental data, exhibiting negligible errors.
SN  - 1932-6203
ER  -