From Dense Gas Clouds to Supermassive Black Hole Seeds: Hybrid Hydro/Direct N-body Simulations of Runaway Collision-driven Intermediate-mass Black Hole Formation
Abstract
A population of dense stellar systems at high redshift has recently been uncovered by the JWST. To investigate the formation of supermassive black hole (SMBH) seeds in these dense environments without invoking any \textit{ad hoc} seeding mechanisms, we present star cluster-scale simulations performed with an updated version of the hydrodynamics code \texttt{Enzo-Abyss}, which self-consistently integrates the gravity using a direct N-body method coupled with stellar evolution. By modeling initially dense, metal-poor gas clouds with varying turbulence, we consistently find the formation of dense clusters resembling early-stage nuclear star clusters (NSCs), as well as the formation of very massive stars (VMSs) ranging from 343 M⊙ to 5108 M⊙ via runaway collisions, irrespective of stellar wind feedback strength. Following the direct collapse of these VMSs, the resulting intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) grow through Eddington-limited gas accretion and tidal disruption events (TDEs). In our most optimistic model, we find a mass accretion rate of 1.64×10−4 M⊙ yr−1, with TDEs contributing 23% of the total accretion over ∼10 Myr. Assuming a steady gas supply into the NSC driven by rapid structural assembly in the high-redshift environment, together with a constant TDE rate, we project that an IMBH with an initial mass of 6747 M⊙ at the center of the NSC can grow to ∼62000 M⊙ within 100 Myr of its formation. Our numerical study, conducted within a single self-consistent framework that incorporates the essential physical processes, suggests that VMSs can form in dense gas clouds, collapse into IMBHs, and subsequently provide viable seeds for the SMBHs observed at high redshift.
Versions
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BibTeX
@misc{chung2026from,
title = {{From Dense Gas Clouds to Supermassive Black Hole Seeds: Hybrid Hydro/Direct $N$-body Simulations of Runaway Collision-driven Intermediate-mass Black Hole Formation}},
author = {Eunwoo Chung and Yongseok Jo and Ji-hoon Kim and Minyong Jung and Oh-kyoung Kwon},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = jun,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2606.10000},
eprint = {2606.10000},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.10000},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - From Dense Gas Clouds to Supermassive Black Hole Seeds: Hybrid Hydro/Direct N-body Simulations of Runaway Collision-driven Intermediate-mass Black Hole Formation
AU - Eunwoo Chung
AU - Yongseok Jo
AU - Ji-hoon Kim
AU - Minyong Jung
AU - Oh-kyoung Kwon
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/06/08
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2606.10000
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.10000
AB - A population of dense stellar systems at high redshift has recently been uncovered by the JWST. To investigate the formation of supermassive black hole (SMBH) seeds in these dense environments without invoking any \textit{ad hoc} seeding mechanisms, we present star cluster-scale simulations performed with an updated version of the hydrodynamics code \texttt{Enzo-Abyss}, which self-consistently integrates the gravity using a direct N-body method coupled with stellar evolution. By modeling initially dense, metal-poor gas clouds with varying turbulence, we consistently find the formation of dense clusters resembling early-stage nuclear star clusters (NSCs), as well as the formation of very massive stars (VMSs) ranging from 343 M_⊙ to 5108 M_⊙ via runaway collisions, irrespective of stellar wind feedback strength. Following the direct collapse of these VMSs, the resulting intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) grow through Eddington-limited gas accretion and tidal disruption events (TDEs). In our most optimistic model, we find a mass accretion rate of 1.64×10^−4 M_⊙ yr^−1, with TDEs contributing 23% of the total accretion over ∼10 Myr. Assuming a steady gas supply into the NSC driven by rapid structural assembly in the high-redshift environment, together with a constant TDE rate, we project that an IMBH with an initial mass of 6747 M_⊙ at the center of the NSC can grow to ∼62000 M_⊙ within 100 Myr of its formation. Our numerical study, conducted within a single self-consistent framework that incorporates the essential physical processes, suggests that VMSs can form in dense gas clouds, collapse into IMBHs, and subsequently provide viable seeds for the SMBHs observed at high redshift.
ER -