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PreprintCC BYChemRxiv

Defect-Rich Fe3+-Substituted RuO2: A Novel Rutile Phase Setting a New Benchmark in Alkaline Water Oxidation

  • Muhammad Zulqarnain1,2
  • Roman V. Shpanchenko3
  • Zheng Wei1,2
  • Oleg I. Lebedev4
  • Sebastian A. Stoian1,5
  • Mamour Sall6
  • Marcell Hollo7,2
  • Kathleen A. Dunn7,2
  • Evgeny V. Dikarev1,2
7 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Chemistry
  2. 2SUNY
  3. 3ACC, 140 Avenue d'Aquitaine, Bruges, France, 33520
  4. 4Laboratoire CRISMAT, UMR 6508 Normandie Université, CNRS, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, 6 bd du Maréchal Juin, CAEN Cedex, France, 14050
  5. 5University of Idaho
  6. 6UNICAEN
  7. 7College of Nanoscale Science & Engineering
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Abstract

We report a new material exhibiting outstanding oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance in alkaline media, delivering an ultralow overpotential of 86 mV at 100 mA cm -2 , sustained operation above 200 mA·cm -2 , and exceptional long-term stability over 1000 hours without noticeable degradation. A low-temperature (200 °C) single-source precursor (SSP) strategy enabled the synthesis of a previously unreported Fe 3+ -substituted rutile phase, Ru 0.63 Fe 0.37 O 2-x , characterized by atomic-scale cation mixing, abundant oxygen vacancies, and ultrasmall particle sizes (2–5 nm). Structural analysis confirms uniform Fe 3+ incorporation into the rutile lattice, yielding defect-rich, porous oxide framework that is inaccessible through conventional synthetic routes. The resulting ternary oxide is chemically robust, remaining insoluble in both alkaline solutions and aqua regia, and exhibits enhanced porosity with a high BET surface area of 153 m 2 ∙g -1 and an electrochemically active surface area of 205.75 cm 2 , more than three times that of pristine RuO 2 , indicating substantially improved active-site accessibility. These results demonstrate how precise lattice substitution, low-temperature SSP synthesis, and targeted surface modulation synergistically optimize Ru-based OER catalysts, establishing a clear link between controlled structural design and high-rate electrochemical performance.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@misc{zulqarnain2026defectrich,
  title = {{Defect-Rich Fe3+-Substituted RuO2: A Novel Rutile Phase Setting a New Benchmark in Alkaline Water Oxidation}},
  author = {Muhammad Zulqarnain and Roman V. Shpanchenko and Zheng Wei and Oleg I. Lebedev and Sebastian A. Stoian and Mamour Sall and Marcell Hollo and Kathleen A. Dunn and Evgeny V. Dikarev},
  howpublished = {ChemRxiv},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  doi = {10.26434/chemrxiv.15009453/v1},
  url = {https://chemrxiv.org/doi/full/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009453/v1},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - UNPB
TI  - Defect-Rich Fe3+-Substituted RuO2: A Novel Rutile Phase Setting a New Benchmark in Alkaline Water Oxidation
AU  - Muhammad Zulqarnain
AU  - Roman V. Shpanchenko
AU  - Zheng Wei
AU  - Oleg I. Lebedev
AU  - Sebastian A. Stoian
AU  - Mamour Sall
AU  - Marcell Hollo
AU  - Kathleen A. Dunn
AU  - Evgeny V. Dikarev
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/24
PB  - ChemRxiv
DO  - 10.26434/chemrxiv.15009453/v1
UR  - https://chemrxiv.org/doi/full/10.26434/chemrxiv.15009453/v1
AB  - We report a new material exhibiting outstanding oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance in alkaline media, delivering an ultralow overpotential of 86 mV at 100 mA cm -2 , sustained operation above 200 mA·cm -2 , and exceptional long-term stability over 1000 hours without noticeable degradation. A low-temperature (200 °C) single-source precursor (SSP) strategy enabled the synthesis of a previously unreported Fe 3+ -substituted rutile phase, Ru 0.63 Fe 0.37 O 2-x , characterized by atomic-scale cation mixing, abundant oxygen vacancies, and ultrasmall particle sizes (2–5 nm). Structural analysis confirms uniform Fe 3+ incorporation into the rutile lattice, yielding defect-rich, porous oxide framework that is inaccessible through conventional synthetic routes. The resulting ternary oxide is chemically robust, remaining insoluble in both alkaline solutions and aqua regia, and exhibits enhanced porosity with a high BET surface area of 153 m 2 ∙g -1 and an electrochemically active surface area of 205.75 cm 2 , more than three times that of pristine RuO 2 , indicating substantially improved active-site accessibility. These results demonstrate how precise lattice substitution, low-temperature SSP synthesis, and targeted surface modulation synergistically optimize Ru-based OER catalysts, establishing a clear link between controlled structural design and high-rate electrochemical performance.
ER  -