Core-Collapse Supernova Rates in the Dark Energy Survey

Abstract

Over its five-year campaign (2013-2017), the Dark Energy Survey (DES) supernova (SN) survey recorded 31,636 light curves. Using a custom-built, two-stage random forest classifier, we identified 2,445 likely core-collapse SNe (CC SNe) within the survey rate analysis footprint. With this sample, we measure the volumetric CC SN rate from redshift z = 0 to 1.3 in 11 redshift bins, representing the most detailed single-survey coverage to date across nine billion years of lookback time. Over this interval, the CC SN rates are well fit by a power law R_CC(z) = R_0 (1 + z)^α, with R_0 = 1.58 \pm 0.17 \times 10^{-4} \text{ yr}^{-1} \text{ Mpc}^{-3} and α= 2.85 \pm 0.25. The rate turnover, expected at cosmic noon, is not yet apparent. Because CC SNe trace recent star formation, we compare our measurements with recent cosmic star-formation history (CSFH) models. Our measurements are ~70 per cent higher than CSFH models using a Salpeter initial mass function (IMF) to predict CC SN rates. Replacing the Salpeter IMF with a Baldry and Glazebrook IMF and a CC SN progenitor mass range of 8-40 M_\odot bridges the gap. Alternatively, CSFHs may miss a hitherto unidentified population of low-luminosity galaxies. We further find that the local ratio of stripped-envelope (SE) SNe to all CC SNe is 31 \pm 5 per cent, remaining constant from z = 0 to 1.3. Combined with an IMF analysis accounting for the "missing progenitor problem" of hydrogen-rich SNe, our results favour a mixture of single massive stars and binaries as SE SN progenitors, with the redshift-invariant ratio favouring binary channels.

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BibTeX RIS

BibTeX

@misc{boyne2026corecollapse,
  title = {{Core-Collapse Supernova Rates in the Dark Energy Survey}},
  author = {K. Boyne and O. Graur and M. Vincenzi and P. Wiseman and M. Grayling and M. Smith and C. Frohmaier and C. Lidman},
  howpublished = {arXiv},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.27328},
  eprint = {2610.27328},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.27328},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}

RIS

TY  - UNPB
TI  - Core-Collapse Supernova Rates in the Dark Energy Survey
AU  - K. Boyne
AU  - O. Graur
AU  - M. Vincenzi
AU  - P. Wiseman
AU  - M. Grayling
AU  - M. Smith
AU  - C. Frohmaier
AU  - C. Lidman
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/19
PB  - arXiv
DO  - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.27328
UR  - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.27328
AB  - Over its five-year campaign (2013-2017), the Dark Energy Survey (DES) supernova (SN) survey recorded 31,636 light curves. Using a custom-built, two-stage random forest classifier, we identified 2,445 likely core-collapse SNe (CC SNe) within the survey rate analysis footprint. With this sample, we measure the volumetric CC SN rate from redshift z = 0 to 1.3 in 11 redshift bins, representing the most detailed single-survey coverage to date across nine billion years of lookback time. Over this interval, the CC SN rates are well fit by a power law R_CC(z) = R_0 (1 + z)^α, with R_0 = 1.58 \pm 0.17 \times 10^{-4} \text{ yr}^{-1} \text{ Mpc}^{-3} and α= 2.85 \pm 0.25. The rate turnover, expected at cosmic noon, is not yet apparent. Because CC SNe trace recent star formation, we compare our measurements with recent cosmic star-formation history (CSFH) models. Our measurements are ~70 per cent higher than CSFH models using a Salpeter initial mass function (IMF) to predict CC SN rates. Replacing the Salpeter IMF with a Baldry and Glazebrook IMF and a CC SN progenitor mass range of 8-40 M_\odot bridges the gap. Alternatively, CSFHs may miss a hitherto unidentified population of low-luminosity galaxies. We further find that the local ratio of stripped-envelope (SE) SNe to all CC SNe is 31 \pm 5 per cent, remaining constant from z = 0 to 1.3. Combined with an IMF analysis accounting for the "missing progenitor problem" of hydrogen-rich SNe, our results favour a mixture of single massive stars and binaries as SE SN progenitors, with the redshift-invariant ratio favouring binary channels.
ER  -

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