On the astrophysical origin of cosmic rays: Constraining the Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Ray Horizon through Nearby Galaxy Distributions
Abstract
The origin of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECR) remains a central open problem in astroparticle physics. The observed large-scale anisotropy of UHECR arrival directions above several EeV, together with the spectral suppression at the highest energies, suggests extragalactic sources confined to a limited volume of the nearby Universe, though the effective spatial scale of this contribution remains poorly constrained. We aim to constrain the effective propagation horizon of UHECR with energies E >= 8 EeV by studying how well the observed large-scale anisotropy is reproduced by the distribution of nearby galaxies at different distances, accounting for Galactic magnetic-field deflections. We construct volume-limited galaxy samples from the GLADE+ catalogue extending to 10000 km/s (~150 Mpc) and use both dipole comparisons and angular cross-correlation analyses with the Pierre Auger Observatory UHECR flux map (E >= 8 EeV) to characterize the distance dependence of the anisotropy signal, further weighting the galaxy-UHECR correlations using deflection maps derived from a Galactic magnetic field model. We find that the angular separation between the galaxy and UHECR dipoles is minimized for galaxies within cz < 4000 km/s (< 60 Mpc), where the galaxy dipole amplitude is also maximal. The galaxy-UHECR cross-correlation signal is dominated by this nearby population and weakens rapidly at larger distances. Accounting for Galactic magnetic field deflections enhances the correlation amplitude by more than a factor of two, indicating that magnetic effects significantly shape the observed anisotropy. Our results indicate that the observed anisotropy of UHECR of 8 EeV and above is primarily driven by sources within ~50-60 Mpc, consistent with expectations from energy losses and magnetic deflections, retaining a measurable imprint of the nearby extragalactic matter distribution.
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BibTeX
@misc{davilakurban2026astrophysical,
title = {{On the astrophysical origin of cosmic rays: Constraining the Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Ray Horizon through Nearby Galaxy Distributions}},
author = {F. Dávila-Kurbán and F. Duplancic and D. Garcia Lambas},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = aug,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2607.21747},
eprint = {2607.21747},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.21747},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - On the astrophysical origin of cosmic rays: Constraining the Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Ray Horizon through Nearby Galaxy Distributions
AU - F. Dávila-Kurbán
AU - F. Duplancic
AU - D. Garcia Lambas
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/08/27
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2607.21747
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.21747
AB - The origin of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECR) remains a central open problem in astroparticle physics. The observed large-scale anisotropy of UHECR arrival directions above several EeV, together with the spectral suppression at the highest energies, suggests extragalactic sources confined to a limited volume of the nearby Universe, though the effective spatial scale of this contribution remains poorly constrained. We aim to constrain the effective propagation horizon of UHECR with energies E >= 8 EeV by studying how well the observed large-scale anisotropy is reproduced by the distribution of nearby galaxies at different distances, accounting for Galactic magnetic-field deflections. We construct volume-limited galaxy samples from the GLADE+ catalogue extending to 10000 km/s (~150 Mpc) and use both dipole comparisons and angular cross-correlation analyses with the Pierre Auger Observatory UHECR flux map (E >= 8 EeV) to characterize the distance dependence of the anisotropy signal, further weighting the galaxy-UHECR correlations using deflection maps derived from a Galactic magnetic field model. We find that the angular separation between the galaxy and UHECR dipoles is minimized for galaxies within cz < 4000 km/s (< 60 Mpc), where the galaxy dipole amplitude is also maximal. The galaxy-UHECR cross-correlation signal is dominated by this nearby population and weakens rapidly at larger distances. Accounting for Galactic magnetic field deflections enhances the correlation amplitude by more than a factor of two, indicating that magnetic effects significantly shape the observed anisotropy. Our results indicate that the observed anisotropy of UHECR of 8 EeV and above is primarily driven by sources within ~50-60 Mpc, consistent with expectations from energy losses and magnetic deflections, retaining a measurable imprint of the nearby extragalactic matter distribution.
ER -