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Peer-reviewedCC BY-NC 4.0Women's Health

Global Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction Among Pregnant Women, 2003-2024: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

  • Arega Zenaw1
  • Elias Chane1
  • Belete Biadgo1
  • Getnet Fetene1
  • Yonatan Kindie2
  • Teshiwal Dires3
  • Nigusie Alemu4
  • Sintayehu Admas4
  • Berhanu Woldu4
  • Abebaw Worede1
4 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  2. 2Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  3. 3Department of Quality Assurance and Laboratory Management, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  4. 4Department of Hematology and Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Abstract

Introduction: Thyroid dysfunction is the second most common endocrine disorder globally, posing a significant public health challenge during pregnancy after gestational diabetes mellitus. Given the wide regional variations in reported data, this systematic review and meta-analysis aims to determine a definitive pooled prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among pregnant women to better inform clinical practice.

Methods: This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and is registered in PROSPERO with registration protocol number of CRD42024581530. Five primary databases—PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched to identify relevant studies. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute appraisal tool. Data were extracted into Microsoft Excel and analyzed using STATA (version 17) software. Pooled prevalence estimates for thyroid dysfunction and its primary components were determined using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was measured via I2 statistics, and publication bias was evaluated using Funnel plots and Egger’s test.

Result: A total of 48 studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among pregnant women was 16.12% (95% CI: 13.97, 18.27, I2=98.16, p<0.001) using random effect model. The pooled prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism, overt hypothyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism, and overt hyperthyroidism were 11.53% (95% CI: 8.954, 14.095), 3.29 (95% CI: 2.242, 4.330), 1.56% (95% CI: 0.809, 2.312), and 1.13% (95% CI: 0.363, 1.888) respectively.

Conclusion: This meta-analysis found that thyroid dysfunction is a significant health concern among pregnant women affecting a significant proportion across studies. Subclinical hypothyroidism was identified as the most common subtype, while overt hyperthyroidism was comparatively rare.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{zenaw2026global,
  title = {{Global Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction Among Pregnant Women, 2003-2024: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis}},
  author = {Arega Zenaw and Elias Chane and Belete Biadgo and Getnet Fetene and Yonatan Kindie and Teshiwal Dires and Nigusie Alemu and Sintayehu Admas and Berhanu Woldu and Abebaw Worede},
  journal = {Women's Health},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  doi = {10.1177/17455057261490607},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/17455057261490607},
  note = {CC BY-NC 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Global Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction Among Pregnant Women, 2003-2024: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
AU  - Arega Zenaw
AU  - Elias Chane
AU  - Belete Biadgo
AU  - Getnet Fetene
AU  - Yonatan Kindie
AU  - Teshiwal Dires
AU  - Nigusie Alemu
AU  - Sintayehu Admas
AU  - Berhanu Woldu
AU  - Abebaw Worede
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/17
JO  - Women's Health
DO  - 10.1177/17455057261490607
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1177/17455057261490607
AB  - Introduction: Thyroid dysfunction is the second most common endocrine disorder globally, posing a significant public health challenge during pregnancy after gestational diabetes mellitus. Given the wide regional variations in reported data, this systematic review and meta-analysis aims to determine a definitive pooled prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among pregnant women to better inform clinical practice.  Methods: This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and is registered in PROSPERO with registration protocol number of CRD42024581530. Five primary databases—PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched to identify relevant studies. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute appraisal tool. Data were extracted into Microsoft Excel and analyzed using STATA (version 17) software. Pooled prevalence estimates for thyroid dysfunction and its primary components were determined using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was measured via I2 statistics, and publication bias was evaluated using Funnel plots and Egger’s test.  Result: A total of 48 studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among pregnant women was 16.12% (95% CI: 13.97, 18.27, I2=98.16, p<0.001) using random effect model. The pooled prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism, overt hypothyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism, and overt hyperthyroidism were 11.53% (95% CI: 8.954, 14.095), 3.29 (95% CI: 2.242, 4.330), 1.56% (95% CI: 0.809, 2.312), and 1.13% (95% CI: 0.363, 1.888) respectively.  Conclusion: This meta-analysis found that thyroid dysfunction is a significant health concern among pregnant women affecting a significant proportion across studies. Subclinical hypothyroidism was identified as the most common subtype, while overt hyperthyroidism was comparatively rare.
SN  - 1745-5057
SN  - 1745-5065
ER  -