Immediate gastrocnemius responses to intermittent cold compression at different pressure levels in soccer players
- 1Institute of Artificial Intelligence in Sports, Beijing Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Intelligent Technologies in Sports Medicine and Engineering, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
- 2Sports Medical Supervision Research Center, Research Institute of Sports Medicine, General Administration of Sport of China, Beijing, China
Abstract
Background: Intermittent cold compression (ICC) is widely used for post-exercise recovery, but the optimal pressure for gastrocnemius recovery in soccer players remains unclear. This study investigated the immediate effects of different ICC pressure levels on gastrocnemius recovery after fatigue. Methods: Seven male collegiate soccer players (national Level 2 or above) participated in a randomized crossover trial. Following a 90-minute soccer-specific fatigue protocol, participants received a single 20-minute, 1°C ICC intervention at either low pressure (LP, 5–15 mmHg) or moderate pressure (MP, 5–50 mmHg), with a 48-hour washout. Outcomes included subjective perceptions (VAS pain, Borg CR10 fatigue), motor function (countermovement jump [CMJ] height, peak force, peak power, concentric work, rate of force development [RFD]), muscle mechanical properties (tone, stiffness, elasticity), and muscle architecture (thickness, pennation angle), assessed pre-and post-intervention. Results: Pain and RPE scores decreased significantly from pre- to post-intervention (p < 0.05), with no significant pressure or pressure × time effects. Significant time effects were found for CMJ height (F = 25.94, p = 0.002, η2ₚ = 0.812), peak force (F = 11.07, p = 0.016, η2ₚ = 0.649), and peak power (F = 13.17, p = 0.011, η2ₚ = 0.687), all declining post-intervention. Significant pressure × time interactions emerged for RFD (F = 6.07, p = 0.049, η2ₚ = 0.503) and lateral gastrocnemius logarithmic decrement (F = 9.21, p = 0.023, η2ₚ = 0.606). Conclusions: While both regimens alleviated subjective symptoms, significant pressure × time interactions were observed for RFD and lateral gastrocnemius logarithmic decrement, suggesting that compression pressure may influence the acute neuromuscular and mechanical responses to ICC. These findings should be interpreted cautiously given the small sample size and the absence of significant within-condition changes in RFD.
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BibTeX
@article{ma2026immediate,
title = {{Immediate gastrocnemius responses to intermittent cold compression at different pressure levels in soccer players}},
author = {Junjie Ma and Ying Liu and Fujian Sun and Changfei Guo and Can Gao and Dong Zhang and Dongxue Liang},
journal = {PLOS One},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0361886},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0361886},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Immediate gastrocnemius responses to intermittent cold compression at different pressure levels in soccer players
AU - Junjie Ma
AU - Ying Liu
AU - Fujian Sun
AU - Changfei Guo
AU - Can Gao
AU - Dong Zhang
AU - Dongxue Liang
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/11/05
JO - PLOS One
DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0361886
UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0361886
AB - Background: Intermittent cold compression (ICC) is widely used for post-exercise recovery, but the optimal pressure for gastrocnemius recovery in soccer players remains unclear. This study investigated the immediate effects of different ICC pressure levels on gastrocnemius recovery after fatigue. Methods: Seven male collegiate soccer players (national Level 2 or above) participated in a randomized crossover trial. Following a 90-minute soccer-specific fatigue protocol, participants received a single 20-minute, 1°C ICC intervention at either low pressure (LP, 5–15 mmHg) or moderate pressure (MP, 5–50 mmHg), with a 48-hour washout. Outcomes included subjective perceptions (VAS pain, Borg CR10 fatigue), motor function (countermovement jump [CMJ] height, peak force, peak power, concentric work, rate of force development [RFD]), muscle mechanical properties (tone, stiffness, elasticity), and muscle architecture (thickness, pennation angle), assessed pre-and post-intervention. Results: Pain and RPE scores decreased significantly from pre- to post-intervention (p < 0.05), with no significant pressure or pressure × time effects. Significant time effects were found for CMJ height (F = 25.94, p = 0.002, η2ₚ = 0.812), peak force (F = 11.07, p = 0.016, η2ₚ = 0.649), and peak power (F = 13.17, p = 0.011, η2ₚ = 0.687), all declining post-intervention. Significant pressure × time interactions emerged for RFD (F = 6.07, p = 0.049, η2ₚ = 0.503) and lateral gastrocnemius logarithmic decrement (F = 9.21, p = 0.023, η2ₚ = 0.606). Conclusions: While both regimens alleviated subjective symptoms, significant pressure × time interactions were observed for RFD and lateral gastrocnemius logarithmic decrement, suggesting that compression pressure may influence the acute neuromuscular and mechanical responses to ICC. These findings should be interpreted cautiously given the small sample size and the absence of significant within-condition changes in RFD.
SN - 1932-6203
ER -