A simulation-based investigation of the production routes of the positron-emitting radionuclide 128Cs using GEANT4, TALYS, and EMPIRE codes for medical applications
- 1Department of Physics, Urmia University
Abstract
Due to its suitable half-life of 3.62 min and positron emission, 128Cs (Iβ+ = 61%; Eβ+ = 2.885 MeV) is a favorable radionuclide for applying in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. In this work, the production 128Cs radionuclide via the indirect reaction of 133Cs(p,6n)128Ba→128Cs and two new direct reactions of 127I(3He,2n)128Cs and 127Xe(d, n)128Cs was predict using the Monte Carlo GEANT4-10.7 toolkit, the Monte Carlo SRIM-2013-Pro code, the EMPIRE-3.2.3 software, and the TALYS-2.0 package. The range and stopping power values of protons, deuterons, and 3He particles within the 133Cs, 127Xe, and 127I targets were calculated by the GEANT4 and SRIM codes. Moreover, the cross-section of the mentioned reactions was computed utilizing the GEANT4, EMPIRE, TALYS (OMPs, BSFGM, CGCM, and GSM models) codes. To estimate the production yield of the mentioned reactions, the optimum energy range for the 133Cs(p,6n)128Ba→128Cs, 127I(3He,2n)128Cs, and 127Xe(d, n)128Cs reactions were selected (48–68 MeV), (5–10 MeV), and (9–20 MeV), respectively. The previous experimental cross-section and production yield of the 133Cs(p,6n)128Ba→128Cs reaction was compared with the present simulated values of the GEANT4, TALYS, and EMPIRE codes. A good compatibility between the experimental data and simulated values was observed. The good agreement between the experimental data and simulated results is a proof that using a combination of nuclear codes like GEANT4, SRIM, TALYS, and EMPIRE for studying the nuclear reactions can be a good method before performing them practically.
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BibTeX
@article{isazadeh2026simulationbased,
title = {{A simulation-based investigation of the production routes of the positron-emitting radionuclide 128Cs using GEANT4, TALYS, and EMPIRE codes for medical applications}},
author = {Farzad Isazadeh and Akbar Abdi Saray},
journal = {Scientific Reports},
year = {2026},
month = jul,
doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-63205-8},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-63205-8},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - A simulation-based investigation of the production routes of the positron-emitting radionuclide 128Cs using GEANT4, TALYS, and EMPIRE codes for medical applications
AU - Farzad Isazadeh
AU - Akbar Abdi Saray
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/07/01
JO - Scientific Reports
DO - 10.1038/s41598-026-63205-8
UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-63205-8
AB - Due to its suitable half-life of 3.62 min and positron emission, 128Cs (Iβ+ = 61%; Eβ+ = 2.885 MeV) is a favorable radionuclide for applying in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. In this work, the production 128Cs radionuclide via the indirect reaction of 133Cs(p,6n)128Ba→128Cs and two new direct reactions of 127I(3He,2n)128Cs and 127Xe(d, n)128Cs was predict using the Monte Carlo GEANT4-10.7 toolkit, the Monte Carlo SRIM-2013-Pro code, the EMPIRE-3.2.3 software, and the TALYS-2.0 package. The range and stopping power values of protons, deuterons, and 3He particles within the 133Cs, 127Xe, and 127I targets were calculated by the GEANT4 and SRIM codes. Moreover, the cross-section of the mentioned reactions was computed utilizing the GEANT4, EMPIRE, TALYS (OMPs, BSFGM, CGCM, and GSM models) codes. To estimate the production yield of the mentioned reactions, the optimum energy range for the 133Cs(p,6n)128Ba→128Cs, 127I(3He,2n)128Cs, and 127Xe(d, n)128Cs reactions were selected (48–68 MeV), (5–10 MeV), and (9–20 MeV), respectively. The previous experimental cross-section and production yield of the 133Cs(p,6n)128Ba→128Cs reaction was compared with the present simulated values of the GEANT4, TALYS, and EMPIRE codes. A good compatibility between the experimental data and simulated values was observed. The good agreement between the experimental data and simulated results is a proof that using a combination of nuclear codes like GEANT4, SRIM, TALYS, and EMPIRE for studying the nuclear reactions can be a good method before performing them practically.
SN - 2045-2322
ER -