The two most symmetric flat tori as eight-vertex paper tori
Abstract
A paper torus is a polyhedral torus embedded in ℝ3 whose intrinsic metric is locally Euclidean, a torus folded from a flat sheet of paper. Many constructions are known, from dozens of vertices into the thousands, and it is natural to ask how few suffice. Schwartz proved that no paper torus has seven vertices, and built one with eight. Doyle and Schwartz then built paper tori realizing almost every shape of flat torus with eight vertices, their construction missing exactly two rays in moduli space, all the rectangular tori, and the rhombic tori of aspect ratio at least √3. These rays end at the two most symmetric flat tori, the square torus and the hexagonal torus. We build an eight-vertex paper torus realizing each of them. We also prove that eight-vertex paper tori realize every shape near these two, since the flat configurations around both form a smooth seventeen dimensional manifold on which the modulus is a submersion.
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BibTeX
@misc{lander2026most,
title = {{The two most symmetric flat tori as eight-vertex paper tori}},
author = {Fabian Lander},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.10703},
eprint = {2609.10703},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.10703},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - The two most symmetric flat tori as eight-vertex paper tori
AU - Fabian Lander
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/09
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.10703
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.10703
AB - A paper torus is a polyhedral torus embedded in ℝ^3 whose intrinsic metric is locally Euclidean, a torus folded from a flat sheet of paper. Many constructions are known, from dozens of vertices into the thousands, and it is natural to ask how few suffice. Schwartz proved that no paper torus has seven vertices, and built one with eight. Doyle and Schwartz then built paper tori realizing almost every shape of flat torus with eight vertices, their construction missing exactly two rays in moduli space, all the rectangular tori, and the rhombic tori of aspect ratio at least √3. These rays end at the two most symmetric flat tori, the square torus and the hexagonal torus. We build an eight-vertex paper torus realizing each of them. We also prove that eight-vertex paper tori realize every shape near these two, since the flat configurations around both form a smooth seventeen dimensional manifold on which the modulus is a submersion.
ER -