Operational Range Bounding in Spectroscopy: A Safety Cage Framework for Machine Learning Models
Abstract
Ensuring the reliability of black-box machine learning models in safety-critical space missions remains a significant challenge, particularly when ground-truth is unavailable for validation. Although machine learning models offer a powerful means to augment standard pipelines by extracting transmission spectra from complex exoplanetary light curves, their susceptibility to unmodelled instrument anomalies, stellar activity, and domain shifts introduces unquantified risks. This study evaluates a modular safety cage architecture that operates as a parallel monitoring layer to assess the validity of a prediction without modifying the underlying estimator. By monitoring different runtime indicators, including uncertainty quantification, out-of-domain detection, and influence functions, the framework constrains the model's operational domain to a verified region. A controlled evaluation is conducted under both in-domain and cross-domain conditions, using datasets from the 2019 and 2021 editions of the Ariel Data Challenges. The results reveal that model failure is multifaceted and that no single indicator captures all failure modes, demonstrating the need for indicator fusion. The application of safety-driven rejection strategies shows that a modest 20% reduction in data coverage results in error reductions between 45% and 65% across different domains and evaluation metrics. Using a formalised coverage-risk framework, a systematic analysis of indicator combinations is performed to identify configurations that maximise risk-ranking accuracy and optimise the trade-off between data coverage and scientific performance. Safety cages provide a transparent mechanism for detecting unreliable predictions and represent a critical step towards the safe deployment of data-driven models in scientific applications, such as astrophysics, where ground truth is seldom available.
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BibTeX
@misc{grens2026operational,
title = {{Operational Range Bounding in Spectroscopy: A Safety Cage Framework for Machine Learning Models}},
author = {Nikki Grens and Luís F. Simões and Kai Hou Yip and Theresa Lueftinger},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.13514},
eprint = {2609.13514},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.13514},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Operational Range Bounding in Spectroscopy: A Safety Cage Framework for Machine Learning Models
AU - Nikki Grens
AU - Luís F. Simões
AU - Kai Hou Yip
AU - Theresa Lueftinger
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/11
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.13514
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.13514
AB - Ensuring the reliability of black-box machine learning models in safety-critical space missions remains a significant challenge, particularly when ground-truth is unavailable for validation. Although machine learning models offer a powerful means to augment standard pipelines by extracting transmission spectra from complex exoplanetary light curves, their susceptibility to unmodelled instrument anomalies, stellar activity, and domain shifts introduces unquantified risks. This study evaluates a modular safety cage architecture that operates as a parallel monitoring layer to assess the validity of a prediction without modifying the underlying estimator. By monitoring different runtime indicators, including uncertainty quantification, out-of-domain detection, and influence functions, the framework constrains the model's operational domain to a verified region. A controlled evaluation is conducted under both in-domain and cross-domain conditions, using datasets from the 2019 and 2021 editions of the Ariel Data Challenges. The results reveal that model failure is multifaceted and that no single indicator captures all failure modes, demonstrating the need for indicator fusion. The application of safety-driven rejection strategies shows that a modest 20% reduction in data coverage results in error reductions between 45% and 65% across different domains and evaluation metrics. Using a formalised coverage-risk framework, a systematic analysis of indicator combinations is performed to identify configurations that maximise risk-ranking accuracy and optimise the trade-off between data coverage and scientific performance. Safety cages provide a transparent mechanism for detecting unreliable predictions and represent a critical step towards the safe deployment of data-driven models in scientific applications, such as astrophysics, where ground truth is seldom available.
ER -