PreprintCC0arXiv
Near-Extremal Black-Hole Formation Observed from Null Infinity
Abstract
We identify near-extremal black-hole formation directly from observables at future null infinity. Fully nonlinear evolutions of the spherically symmetric Einstein--Maxwell--charged scalar system in 3+1 dimensions form black holes with charge-to-mass ratios up to 0.993 from regular, horizon-free, superextremal initial data. Quasinormal frequencies and redshift decay independently recover the near-extremal charge-to-mass ratio. Critical mass scaling is recovered at null infinity and charge scaling at the apparent horizon. The charged scalar Newman--Penrose quantity obeys an asymptotic balance law that replaces the conservation law of the neutral theory.
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BibTeX
@misc{madler2026nearextremal,
title = {{Near-Extremal Black-Hole Formation Observed from Null Infinity}},
author = {Thomas Mädler and Radouane Gannouji and Steven L. Liebling and Emanuel Gallo},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.23486},
eprint = {2610.23486},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.23486},
note = {CC0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Near-Extremal Black-Hole Formation Observed from Null Infinity
AU - Thomas Mädler
AU - Radouane Gannouji
AU - Steven L. Liebling
AU - Emanuel Gallo
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/16
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.23486
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.23486
AB - We identify near-extremal black-hole formation directly from observables at future null infinity. Fully nonlinear evolutions of the spherically symmetric Einstein--Maxwell--charged scalar system in 3+1 dimensions form black holes with charge-to-mass ratios up to 0.993 from regular, horizon-free, superextremal initial data. Quasinormal frequencies and redshift decay independently recover the near-extremal charge-to-mass ratio. Critical mass scaling is recovered at null infinity and charge scaling at the apparent horizon. The charged scalar Newman--Penrose quantity obeys an asymptotic balance law that replaces the conservation law of the neutral theory.
ER -