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Peer-reviewedCC BYNano Convergence

Engineering graphene oxide interfaces for electrochemical biosensing of biomolecules, cells, and organoids

  • Huijung Kim1
  • Cheol‐Hwi Kim1
  • C G Kim1
  • Zhengtang Luo2
  • Taehyung P. Kim3,4,5
5 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Institute for Cross-disciplinary Studies (ICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Seobu- ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
  2. 2Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
  3. 3Department of Biomedical Engineering, ICS, SKKU, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea. [email protected]
  4. 4Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Institute for Cross-disciplinary Studies (ICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Seobu- ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea. [email protected]
  5. 5Department of MetaBioHealth, SKKU, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea. [email protected]
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Abstract

Graphene oxide (GO) has established itself as a premier material for electrochemical biosensing due to its exceptional chemical tunability, aqueous processability, and unique sp²-sp³ hybridized structure. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of diverse engineering strategies to functionalize GO, enabling highly sensitive and selective detection of a broad spectrum of biological analytes. We systematically categorize these advancements into five key methodologies: (1) controlled reduction to precisely tune electrical conductivity and surface defects, (2) covalent functionalization for robust bioreceptor immobilization, (3) non-covalent modification to preserve biomolecular conformation, (4) metal nanoparticle hybridization for enhanced electrocatalysis, and (5) integration with polymeric/framework materials to build advanced three-dimensional sensing architectures. By examining applications ranging from small molecule metabolites and proteins to nucleic acids and whole pathogens, we demonstrate how tailored GO interfaces overcome conventional sensing trade-offs. Finally, we highlight the pivotal role of these engineered GO platforms in addressing the challenges of real-time monitoring at complex biological interfaces, including living cells and organoids, and outline the pathway toward clinically deployable diagnostic technologies.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{kim2026engineering,
  title = {{Engineering graphene oxide interfaces for electrochemical biosensing of biomolecules, cells, and organoids}},
  author = {Huijung Kim and Cheol‐Hwi Kim and C G Kim and Zhengtang Luo and Taehyung P. Kim},
  journal = {Nano Convergence},
  year = {2026},
  month = jun,
  doi = {10.1186/s40580-026-00560-2},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s40580-026-00560-2},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Engineering graphene oxide interfaces for electrochemical biosensing of biomolecules, cells, and organoids
AU  - Huijung Kim
AU  - Cheol‐Hwi Kim
AU  - C G Kim
AU  - Zhengtang Luo
AU  - Taehyung P. Kim
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/06/30
JO  - Nano Convergence
DO  - 10.1186/s40580-026-00560-2
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40580-026-00560-2
AB  - Graphene oxide (GO) has established itself as a premier material for electrochemical biosensing due to its exceptional chemical tunability, aqueous processability, and unique sp²-sp³ hybridized structure. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of diverse engineering strategies to functionalize GO, enabling highly sensitive and selective detection of a broad spectrum of biological analytes. We systematically categorize these advancements into five key methodologies: (1) controlled reduction to precisely tune electrical conductivity and surface defects, (2) covalent functionalization for robust bioreceptor immobilization, (3) non-covalent modification to preserve biomolecular conformation, (4) metal nanoparticle hybridization for enhanced electrocatalysis, and (5) integration with polymeric/framework materials to build advanced three-dimensional sensing architectures. By examining applications ranging from small molecule metabolites and proteins to nucleic acids and whole pathogens, we demonstrate how tailored GO interfaces overcome conventional sensing trade-offs. Finally, we highlight the pivotal role of these engineered GO platforms in addressing the challenges of real-time monitoring at complex biological interfaces, including living cells and organoids, and outline the pathway toward clinically deployable diagnostic technologies.
SN  - 2196-5404
ER  -