Oscillatory Stiffness Versus Creep–Recovery Response of Recycled High-Density Polyethylene/Waste Engine Oil Modified Bitumen
- 1Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Technology Minna, Minna P.M.B. 65, Niger State, Nigeria
- 2Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize 53100, Türkiye
- 3Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Çankaya University, Ankara 06815, Türkiye
Abstract
Recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and waste engine oil (WEO) can be combined to modify bitumen, but the high-temperature performance of such binders is often judged from oscillatory measurements alone. This study compares the oscillatory and creep–recovery responses of two long-term-aged HDPE/WEO binders with the same total modifier content but different HDPE:WEO ratios with those of the unmodified base bitumen. Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) temperature sweeps and multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) tests, also performed on the DSR, were combined with fractional viscoelastic modeling. Both blends reduced the non-recoverable creep compliance by a factor of 3.8–7.3, so the modification improved the resistance to permanent deformation. In oscillation, however, the blends became more elastic as the temperature increased, whereas in creep, they recovered almost no strain and crept 2–122 times more than predicted from their oscillatory response; the base bitumen was predicted within a factor of 1.6. The creep response of the blends was also four to five times more temperature-sensitive than their oscillatory response. A three-parameter fractional Maxwell model described all creep–recovery cycles and captured the power-law recovery of the blends better than the Burgers model. The results are consistent with an HDPE-rich structure that dominates the oscillatory response but breaks down at MSCR strains, so oscillatory stiffness overstates both the elastic character and the magnitude of the improvement achieved by the binders tested.
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BibTeX
@article{abdulrahman2026oscillatory,
title = {{Oscillatory Stiffness Versus Creep–Recovery Response of Recycled High-Density Polyethylene/Waste Engine Oil Modified Bitumen}},
author = {Hassan Shuaibu Abdulrahman and Michael Chiahemba Iorpenda and Muhammed Fatih Yentimur and Ali Almusawi and Mustafa Albdairi},
journal = {Polymers},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
doi = {10.3390/polym18212785},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/21/2785},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Oscillatory Stiffness Versus Creep–Recovery Response of Recycled High-Density Polyethylene/Waste Engine Oil Modified Bitumen
AU - Hassan Shuaibu Abdulrahman
AU - Michael Chiahemba Iorpenda
AU - Muhammed Fatih Yentimur
AU - Ali Almusawi
AU - Mustafa Albdairi
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/11/07
JO - Polymers
DO - 10.3390/polym18212785
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/21/2785
AB - Recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and waste engine oil (WEO) can be combined to modify bitumen, but the high-temperature performance of such binders is often judged from oscillatory measurements alone. This study compares the oscillatory and creep–recovery responses of two long-term-aged HDPE/WEO binders with the same total modifier content but different HDPE:WEO ratios with those of the unmodified base bitumen. Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) temperature sweeps and multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) tests, also performed on the DSR, were combined with fractional viscoelastic modeling. Both blends reduced the non-recoverable creep compliance by a factor of 3.8–7.3, so the modification improved the resistance to permanent deformation. In oscillation, however, the blends became more elastic as the temperature increased, whereas in creep, they recovered almost no strain and crept 2–122 times more than predicted from their oscillatory response; the base bitumen was predicted within a factor of 1.6. The creep response of the blends was also four to five times more temperature-sensitive than their oscillatory response. A three-parameter fractional Maxwell model described all creep–recovery cycles and captured the power-law recovery of the blends better than the Burgers model. The results are consistent with an HDPE-rich structure that dominates the oscillatory response but breaks down at MSCR strains, so oscillatory stiffness overstates both the elastic character and the magnitude of the improvement achieved by the binders tested.
SN - 2073-4360
ER -