Wind vector retrieval from miniaturized wave-enabled sea-surface drifters
Abstract
Open-ocean in situ winds are sparse, limiting the calibration and validation of satellite wind products. We evaluate wind-vector retrieval from MELODI (Miniaturized Electronics Lagrangian Oceanographic DrIfter), a compact freely drifting GNSS/IMU wave buoy. Wind speed is inferred from the shape of the measured wave acceleration spectrum. A regularized regression with a gated nonlinear correction (Wind Inversion using Tikhonov Regularization, WITR), trained on scatterometer winds and evaluated by leave-one-buoy-out cross-validation against ASCAT MetOp-B/C and HY-2B/C, gives a root-mean-square difference (RMSD) of 0.91 m/s. Symbolic regression distills the trained model into compact spectrum-only and motion-enhanced equations suitable for onboard use; the reduced drag law gives 0.93-0.94 m/s. Wind direction is estimated, without any fitted reference-wind regression, from IMU-derived directional wave moments in the 0.60-0.90 Hz wind-sea band, with a circular mean absolute angular difference (MAAD) of 9.4 degrees against ASCAT. These differences are comparable to published scatterometer-moored-buoy comparisons and improve substantially on the traditional single-band Toba inversion. Validation is strongest from 4 to 14 m/s and sparse above approximately 16 m/s; stronger winds are assigned low confidence. The results show that small wave-sensing drifters, calibrated to the well-established scatterometer wind scale, can provide useful wind-vector observations for validating satellite wind products and for atmospheric and wave modeling; stronger-wind sampling remains a priority.
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BibTeX
@misc{mironov2026wind,
title = {{Wind vector retrieval from miniaturized wave-enabled sea-surface drifters}},
author = {Alexey S. Mironov},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2606.14520},
eprint = {2606.14520},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.14520},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Wind vector retrieval from miniaturized wave-enabled sea-surface drifters
AU - Alexey S. Mironov
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/29
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2606.14520
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.14520
AB - Open-ocean in situ winds are sparse, limiting the calibration and validation of satellite wind products. We evaluate wind-vector retrieval from MELODI (Miniaturized Electronics Lagrangian Oceanographic DrIfter), a compact freely drifting GNSS/IMU wave buoy. Wind speed is inferred from the shape of the measured wave acceleration spectrum. A regularized regression with a gated nonlinear correction (Wind Inversion using Tikhonov Regularization, WITR), trained on scatterometer winds and evaluated by leave-one-buoy-out cross-validation against ASCAT MetOp-B/C and HY-2B/C, gives a root-mean-square difference (RMSD) of 0.91 m/s. Symbolic regression distills the trained model into compact spectrum-only and motion-enhanced equations suitable for onboard use; the reduced drag law gives 0.93-0.94 m/s. Wind direction is estimated, without any fitted reference-wind regression, from IMU-derived directional wave moments in the 0.60-0.90 Hz wind-sea band, with a circular mean absolute angular difference (MAAD) of 9.4 degrees against ASCAT. These differences are comparable to published scatterometer-moored-buoy comparisons and improve substantially on the traditional single-band Toba inversion. Validation is strongest from 4 to 14 m/s and sparse above approximately 16 m/s; stronger winds are assigned low confidence. The results show that small wave-sensing drifters, calibrated to the well-established scatterometer wind scale, can provide useful wind-vector observations for validating satellite wind products and for atmospheric and wave modeling; stronger-wind sampling remains a priority.
ER -