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Peer-reviewedCC BY-NC-ND 4.0ACS Omega

Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals Extracted Using Deep Eutectic Solvents

  • Anastasia Tzeiranidi1,2
  • Evangelia Vasilaki1,2,3
  • Benoit Loppinet1,2
  • Maria Vamvakaki1,2
  • George Petekidis1,2
  1. 1FORTH , , ,
  2. 2University of Crete , , ,
  3. 3Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , , Am Mühlenberg 1 , ,
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Abstract

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are biosourced colloidal building blocks that have attracted significant scientific attention due to their unique properties, such as high mechanical strength, biodegradability, nontoxicity, and potential for sustainable material development. Acidic hydrolysis utilizing strong acids, mainly sulfuric acid, remains the predominant method for CNC production on both laboratory and commercial scales. However, this approach involves challenges associated with the use of corrosive reagents, acid neutralization, and extensive purification. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been proposed as alternative processing media for CNC extraction, with potential advantages including reduced reliance on concentrated mineral acids and opportunities for solvent recovery and recycling. Here, we report a detailed characterization of DES-extracted CNCs and their characteristics and properties contrasted with those of commercial acid-extracted CNCs. The DES-CNCs were dispersible but with lower ζ-potential and typically longer lengths, forming colloidal gels down to low concentrations that prevent the formation of liquid crystalline phases at higher concentrations, while ultrasound application and increased ionic strength were also found to promote aggregation. The mechanical response of these eutectic-extracted CNCs is followed by linear and nonlinear rheometry at different concentrations and is compared to that of commercial sulfuric acid-extracted CNCs.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{tzeiranidi2026properties,
  title = {{Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals Extracted Using Deep Eutectic Solvents}},
  author = {Anastasia Tzeiranidi and Evangelia Vasilaki and Benoit Loppinet and Maria Vamvakaki and George Petekidis},
  journal = {ACS Omega},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1021/acsomega.6c07027},
  url = {https://pubs.acs.org/acsodf/article/doi/10.1021/acsomega.6c07027/5455821/Properties-of-Cellulose-Nanocrystals-Extracted},
  note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals Extracted Using Deep Eutectic Solvents
AU  - Anastasia Tzeiranidi
AU  - Evangelia Vasilaki
AU  - Benoit Loppinet
AU  - Maria Vamvakaki
AU  - George Petekidis
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/22
JO  - ACS Omega
DO  - 10.1021/acsomega.6c07027
UR  - https://pubs.acs.org/acsodf/article/doi/10.1021/acsomega.6c07027/5455821/Properties-of-Cellulose-Nanocrystals-Extracted
AB  - Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are biosourced colloidal building blocks that have attracted significant scientific attention due to their unique properties, such as high mechanical strength, biodegradability, nontoxicity, and potential for sustainable material development. Acidic hydrolysis utilizing strong acids, mainly sulfuric acid, remains the predominant method for CNC production on both laboratory and commercial scales. However, this approach involves challenges associated with the use of corrosive reagents, acid neutralization, and extensive purification. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been proposed as alternative processing media for CNC extraction, with potential advantages including reduced reliance on concentrated mineral acids and opportunities for solvent recovery and recycling. Here, we report a detailed characterization of DES-extracted CNCs and their characteristics and properties contrasted with those of commercial acid-extracted CNCs. The DES-CNCs were dispersible but with lower ζ-potential and typically longer lengths, forming colloidal gels down to low concentrations that prevent the formation of liquid crystalline phases at higher concentrations, while ultrasound application and increased ionic strength were also found to promote aggregation. The mechanical response of these eutectic-extracted CNCs is followed by linear and nonlinear rheometry at different concentrations and is compared to that of commercial sulfuric acid-extracted CNCs.
SN  - 2470-1343
ER  -