Programmable Droplets as Active Matter in a Reconfigurable Environment
Abstract
Exploring systems that bridge the gap between non living and living matter requires a reconfigurable environment coupled to synthetic systems capable of autonomous motion, adaptive behaviour and persistent dynamics. Self propelled droplets provide a minimal platform for such life like behaviour, but quantitative measures capturing both persistence and adaptability to enable closed loop reconfiguration remain lacking. Here we introduce an autonomous closed loop robotic platform to characterise and dynamically program the autonomous behaviour of multicomponent oil in water droplets. We explored two chemical composition spaces, with and without external pH perturbations, analysing droplet behaviour in real time and iteratively selecting formulations. To quantify this behaviour, we introduce two descriptors, persistence and diversity. Persistence is quantified by mapping temporal dynamics in a speed shape complexity space, where we identify a persistence domain that distinguishes active from inactive droplets. Diversity captures spontaneous or environmentally induced variation in motion and the propensity of droplets to reorient or adapt under perturbation. We show that persistence and diversity are constrained by a behavioural trade off: high persistence limits diversity, whereas high diversity reduces persistent activity. Our results provide a quantitative framework for navigating and programming life like behaviours in active droplets and show how closed-loop experimentation can uncover organising principles in complex active matter.
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BibTeX
@misc{shmarov2026programmable,
title = {{Programmable Droplets as Active Matter in a Reconfigurable Environment}},
author = {Ivan Shmarov and Abhishek Sharma and Michael Jirasek and Kristine Laws and Leroy Cronin},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2611.01277},
eprint = {2611.01277},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.01277},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Programmable Droplets as Active Matter in a Reconfigurable Environment
AU - Ivan Shmarov
AU - Abhishek Sharma
AU - Michael Jirasek
AU - Kristine Laws
AU - Leroy Cronin
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/11/01
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2611.01277
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.01277
AB - Exploring systems that bridge the gap between non living and living matter requires a reconfigurable environment coupled to synthetic systems capable of autonomous motion, adaptive behaviour and persistent dynamics. Self propelled droplets provide a minimal platform for such life like behaviour, but quantitative measures capturing both persistence and adaptability to enable closed loop reconfiguration remain lacking. Here we introduce an autonomous closed loop robotic platform to characterise and dynamically program the autonomous behaviour of multicomponent oil in water droplets. We explored two chemical composition spaces, with and without external pH perturbations, analysing droplet behaviour in real time and iteratively selecting formulations. To quantify this behaviour, we introduce two descriptors, persistence and diversity. Persistence is quantified by mapping temporal dynamics in a speed shape complexity space, where we identify a persistence domain that distinguishes active from inactive droplets. Diversity captures spontaneous or environmentally induced variation in motion and the propensity of droplets to reorient or adapt under perturbation. We show that persistence and diversity are constrained by a behavioural trade off: high persistence limits diversity, whereas high diversity reduces persistent activity. Our results provide a quantitative framework for navigating and programming life like behaviours in active droplets and show how closed-loop experimentation can uncover organising principles in complex active matter.
ER -