ORCHARD : A General Planetary Evolution Code
- 1Princeton University
- 2University of California
- 3University of Toronto
Abstract
We present ORCHARD , a publicly available planetary evolution code based on the gas giant evolution code, APPLE , capable of modeling the evolution and structures of terrestrial, super-Earth, sub-Neptune, Neptune, and gas giant planets and exoplanets from 0.5 M ⊕ to 10 M J . It supports not only the inhomogeneous and nonadiabatic evolution of gas giants and sub-Neptunes, but also the solidification of the mantles and cores of terrestrial planets, sub-Neptunes, and super-Earths. ORCHARD incorporates a state-of-the-art hydrogen–helium equation of state, “metal” equations of state (water, ice mixtures, enstatite/perovskite, olivine/forsterite, and iron), and atmospheric boundary conditions ranging from detailed nongray radiative transfer models for solar system giants to irradiated sub-Neptune atmospheres and bare rocky surfaces. ORCHARD also supports static calculations with state-of-the-art equations of state. The purpose of ORCHARD is to provide the scientific community with a flexible, unified tool for modeling planetary structures and evolution across the entire mass continuum of general astrophysical and planetary interest.
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BibTeX
@article{arevalo2026orchard,
title = {{ORCHARD : A General Planetary Evolution Code}},
author = {Roberto Tejada Arevalo and Adam Burrows and Ankan Sur and Yubo Su},
journal = {The Astrophysical Journal},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3847/1538-4357/ae9f4b},
url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ae9f4b},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - ORCHARD : A General Planetary Evolution Code
AU - Roberto Tejada Arevalo
AU - Adam Burrows
AU - Ankan Sur
AU - Yubo Su
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/06
JO - The Astrophysical Journal
DO - 10.3847/1538-4357/ae9f4b
UR - https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ae9f4b
AB - We present ORCHARD , a publicly available planetary evolution code based on the gas giant evolution code, APPLE , capable of modeling the evolution and structures of terrestrial, super-Earth, sub-Neptune, Neptune, and gas giant planets and exoplanets from 0.5 M ⊕ to 10 M J . It supports not only the inhomogeneous and nonadiabatic evolution of gas giants and sub-Neptunes, but also the solidification of the mantles and cores of terrestrial planets, sub-Neptunes, and super-Earths. ORCHARD incorporates a state-of-the-art hydrogen–helium equation of state, “metal” equations of state (water, ice mixtures, enstatite/perovskite, olivine/forsterite, and iron), and atmospheric boundary conditions ranging from detailed nongray radiative transfer models for solar system giants to irradiated sub-Neptune atmospheres and bare rocky surfaces. ORCHARD also supports static calculations with state-of-the-art equations of state. The purpose of ORCHARD is to provide the scientific community with a flexible, unified tool for modeling planetary structures and evolution across the entire mass continuum of general astrophysical and planetary interest.
SN - 0004-637X
SN - 1538-4357
ER -