Nexus-CDM: Isolated Galaxy Simulations with Cosmologically Evolving Dark-Matter Halos I. Method and Validation
Abstract
Galaxy evolution can be modelled in two complementary ways. Standalone simulations place a single galaxy in isolation, evolving it under controlled initial conditions without the surrounding cosmic web. This approach offers high resolution and computational efficiency, making it well suited to disentangle specific physical processes (e.g. feedback and disc instabilities) and testing them cleanly, though at the cost of ignoring environmental context, gas accretion from the broader large-scale structure, and the hierarchical assembly that feeds real galaxies over cosmic time. Cosmological simulations, by contrast, form galaxies self-consistently within an expanding universe, capturing large-scale structure formation, mergers, gas inflows, and environmental effects such as tidal stripping and ram-pressure. This realism comes at a steep computational cost, requiring coarser resolution or simplified sub-grid physics for star formation and feedback. Here, we explore a new paradigm that combines the relative merits of both methods -- what we call the Nexus-CDM framework. This approach naturally incorporates galaxy mass growth, which is absent from existing standalone simulations, reinforcing the limitations of static halo models used in galaxy formation and evolution research. The viability of the framework is demonstrated in an idealised setup, where it successfully reproduces the formation and subsequent evolution of a realistic stellar disc. We present some early results, in particular, discs form readily in a gravitational potential with a shallow central gradient, contrary to recent claims.
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BibTeX
@misc{teppergarcia2026nexuscdm,
title = {{Nexus-CDM: Isolated Galaxy Simulations with Cosmologically Evolving Dark-Matter Halos I. Method and Validation}},
author = {Thor Tepper-García and Joss Bland-Hawthorn and Oscar Agertz and Christoph Federrath},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.15002},
eprint = {2609.15002},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.15002},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Nexus-CDM: Isolated Galaxy Simulations with Cosmologically Evolving Dark-Matter Halos I. Method and Validation
AU - Thor Tepper-García
AU - Joss Bland-Hawthorn
AU - Oscar Agertz
AU - Christoph Federrath
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/14
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.15002
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.15002
AB - Galaxy evolution can be modelled in two complementary ways. Standalone simulations place a single galaxy in isolation, evolving it under controlled initial conditions without the surrounding cosmic web. This approach offers high resolution and computational efficiency, making it well suited to disentangle specific physical processes (e.g. feedback and disc instabilities) and testing them cleanly, though at the cost of ignoring environmental context, gas accretion from the broader large-scale structure, and the hierarchical assembly that feeds real galaxies over cosmic time. Cosmological simulations, by contrast, form galaxies self-consistently within an expanding universe, capturing large-scale structure formation, mergers, gas inflows, and environmental effects such as tidal stripping and ram-pressure. This realism comes at a steep computational cost, requiring coarser resolution or simplified sub-grid physics for star formation and feedback. Here, we explore a new paradigm that combines the relative merits of both methods -- what we call the Nexus-CDM framework. This approach naturally incorporates galaxy mass growth, which is absent from existing standalone simulations, reinforcing the limitations of static halo models used in galaxy formation and evolution research. The viability of the framework is demonstrated in an idealised setup, where it successfully reproduces the formation and subsequent evolution of a realistic stellar disc. We present some early results, in particular, discs form readily in a gravitational potential with a shallow central gradient, contrary to recent claims.
ER -