Sharp asymptotic stability of the IPM equation in ℝ2 via isopycnal coordinates
Abstract
We study the incompressible porous media (IPM) equation, a model describing the motion of a fluid with variable density through a porous medium under the action of gravity. We prove that the stably stratified state, in which heavier fluid lies below lighter fluid, is nonlinearly stable: small perturbations decay over time and the fluid returns to equilibrium. Our result holds in the sharp Sobolev setting Hs(ℝ2) for every s>2: this threshold cannot be improved, since the equation is ill-posed in H2(ℝ2). This result follows from a proof of global well-posedness at critical Besov regularity, with smallness required only in a norm invariant under the natural scaling of the equation. We also prove optimal decay rates for suitably localized initial data. The main difficulty is that the stabilizing effect of stratification acts only in some directions, while the nonlinear transport acts in all of them. Reaching the sharp regularity threshold requires two main novelties. First, we rewrite the equation in \emph{isopycnal coordinates}, which follow the level sets of the density: in these coordinates the transport becomes one-dimensional, and the anisotropic stabilizing mechanism can be exploited at minimal regularity. Second, we establish new \emph{anisotropic commutator estimates} which allow us to control the remaining nonlinear terms. Finally, we show that the estimates obtained in isopycnal coordinates can be transferred back to the original variables.
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BibTeX
@misc{bianchini2026sharp,
title = {{Sharp asymptotic stability of the IPM equation in $\mathbbR^2$ via isopycnal coordinates}},
author = {Roberta Bianchini and Timothée Crin-Barat and Ling-Yun Shou and Shan Wang},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2611.06241},
eprint = {2611.06241},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.06241},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Sharp asymptotic stability of the IPM equation in ℝ^2 via isopycnal coordinates
AU - Roberta Bianchini
AU - Timothée Crin-Barat
AU - Ling-Yun Shou
AU - Shan Wang
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/11/04
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2611.06241
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.06241
AB - We study the incompressible porous media (IPM) equation, a model describing the motion of a fluid with variable density through a porous medium under the action of gravity. We prove that the stably stratified state, in which heavier fluid lies below lighter fluid, is nonlinearly stable: small perturbations decay over time and the fluid returns to equilibrium. Our result holds in the sharp Sobolev setting H^s(ℝ^2) for every s>2: this threshold cannot be improved, since the equation is ill-posed in H^2(ℝ^2). This result follows from a proof of global well-posedness at critical Besov regularity, with smallness required only in a norm invariant under the natural scaling of the equation. We also prove optimal decay rates for suitably localized initial data. The main difficulty is that the stabilizing effect of stratification acts only in some directions, while the nonlinear transport acts in all of them. Reaching the sharp regularity threshold requires two main novelties. First, we rewrite the equation in \emph{isopycnal coordinates}, which follow the level sets of the density: in these coordinates the transport becomes one-dimensional, and the anisotropic stabilizing mechanism can be exploited at minimal regularity. Second, we establish new \emph{anisotropic commutator estimates} which allow us to control the remaining nonlinear terms. Finally, we show that the estimates obtained in isopycnal coordinates can be transferred back to the original variables.
ER -