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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Advanced Science

Anomalous Enhancement in MXene‐Based Electrochemical Actuators: Pseudo‐Capacitance‐Induced Multi‐Charge Accumulation in Confined Space

  • Jiang Xu1
  • Jipeng Feng1
  • Bingqing Hu2
  • Xude Li2
  • Shifei Huang3
  • Shanhai Ge1,4
  • Guoxiu Wang5
5 affiliations
  1. 1College of Electrical Energy and Power Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu China
  2. 2Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics Jiangsu University Zhenjiang Jiangsu China
  3. 3School of Mechanical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu China
  4. 4Department of Mechanical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA
  5. 5Centre for Clean Energy Technology School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences Faculty of Science University of Technology Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
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Abstract

Two‐dimensional (2D) transition‐metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) exhibit high electronic conductivity, large volumetric capacitance, and excellent mechanical robustness, making them attractive for electrochemical actuators (ECAs). However, the fundamental link between surface chemistry, charge‐storage mechanism, and macroscopic actuation remains unclear, limiting their full potential. Here, we elucidate the actuation mechanism of Ti3C2‐based ECAs, revealing that actuation is driven by pseudocapacitive reactions rather than by simple ion intercalation. Controlled hydrothermal treatment of Ti3C2T x can tailor oxygen functional groups, boosting pseudocapacitive activity and interlayer adjustability. In situ structural analysis reveals that anomalous interlayer expansion arises from multiple hydrated ions accumulating at confined Ti─O─Ti active sites during pseudocapacitive reactions. Coupled with a beneficial wave‐like cross‐section morphology, the oxygen‐functionalized Ti3C2‐based solid‐state ECA achieves a peak‐to‐peak strain of ∼1% at 0.05 Hz under a ±1 V square‐wave voltage, which is four times greater than the pristine Ti3C2T x device, while maintaining excellent cycling stability. These findings culminate in a mechanistic framework linking atomic‐scale surface chemistry to macroscopic device performance, providing critical insights for designing advanced 2D material‐based actuators.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{xu2026anomalous,
  title = {{Anomalous Enhancement in MXene‐Based Electrochemical Actuators: Pseudo‐Capacitance‐Induced Multi‐Charge Accumulation in Confined Space}},
  author = {Jiang Xu and Jipeng Feng and Bingqing Hu and Xude Li and Shifei Huang and Shanhai Ge and Guoxiu Wang},
  journal = {Advanced Science},
  year = {2026},
  month = aug,
  doi = {10.1002/advs.77097},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.77097},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Anomalous Enhancement in MXene‐Based Electrochemical Actuators: Pseudo‐Capacitance‐Induced Multi‐Charge Accumulation in Confined Space
AU  - Jiang Xu
AU  - Jipeng Feng
AU  - Bingqing Hu
AU  - Xude Li
AU  - Shifei Huang
AU  - Shanhai Ge
AU  - Guoxiu Wang
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/08/14
JO  - Advanced Science
DO  - 10.1002/advs.77097
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.77097
AB  - Two‐dimensional (2D) transition‐metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) exhibit high electronic conductivity, large volumetric capacitance, and excellent mechanical robustness, making them attractive for electrochemical actuators (ECAs). However, the fundamental link between surface chemistry, charge‐storage mechanism, and macroscopic actuation remains unclear, limiting their full potential. Here, we elucidate the actuation mechanism of Ti3C2‐based ECAs, revealing that actuation is driven by pseudocapacitive reactions rather than by simple ion intercalation. Controlled hydrothermal treatment of Ti3C2T x can tailor oxygen functional groups, boosting pseudocapacitive activity and interlayer adjustability. In situ structural analysis reveals that anomalous interlayer expansion arises from multiple hydrated ions accumulating at confined Ti─O─Ti active sites during pseudocapacitive reactions. Coupled with a beneficial wave‐like cross‐section morphology, the oxygen‐functionalized Ti3C2‐based solid‐state ECA achieves a peak‐to‐peak strain of ∼1% at 0.05 Hz under a ±1 V square‐wave voltage, which is four times greater than the pristine Ti3C2T x device, while maintaining excellent cycling stability. These findings culminate in a mechanistic framework linking atomic‐scale surface chemistry to macroscopic device performance, providing critical insights for designing advanced 2D material‐based actuators.
SN  - 2198-3844
ER  -