Development of a triazine–pyrone Schiff base methacrylate adsorbent for the selective recovery of beryllium ions from hazardous industrial sludge
9 affiliations
- 1Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University Amman 19111 Jordan
- 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University 19117 Al-Salt Jordan
- 3Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Jerash University Jerash 26150 Jordan
- 4Faculty of Arts and Sciences, The World Islamic Sciences and Education University Amman Jordan
- 5Chemistry Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) Riyadh 11623 Saudi Arabia
- 6Nuclear Materials Authority P.O. Box 530 El-Maadi Cairo 11728 Egypt
- 7Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Capital University (Formerly Helwan University) 11795 Helwan Cairo Egypt
- 8Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University Buraidah 51452 Saudi Arabia
- 9Chemistry Department, Faculty of Women for Art, Science, and Education, Ain Shams University Heliopolis Cairo 11757 Egypt
Abstract
The extreme hydration, small ionic size, and high charge density of Be2+ ions make their recovery from hazardous industrial sludge a challenge, raising environmental concerns. Using a newly developed method, we synthesized triazine–pyrone Schiff base methacrylate (TP-SB-MA), a new chelating adsorbent, and evaluated its effectiveness for Be2+ separation. A two-step process was employed to synthesize TP-SB-MA. The first step involved changing the Schiff base from 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)triazine to 3-acetyl-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one. Then, a urethane link was used to functionalize the methacrylate. The material primarily displays nitrogen and oxygen donor sites, and its pore size ranges from 0.8 to 1.3 nm. The network of persistent micropores is another feature. The data fitted the Langmuir isotherm model (qm = 169.56 mg g−1) with the highest R2 value and the lowest SSE and χ2 values among the isotherm models studied, consistent with the monolayer surface coverage; together with the pseudo-second-order kinetics and Dubinin–Radushkevich adsorption energy, this supports a chemisorption-dominated uptake mechanism. Batch adsorption experiments demonstrated an experimental maximum capacity of 165.7 mg g−1 at pH 3.5, with a theoretical monolayer capacity of up to 175.19 mg g−1 predicted by Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm modeling, and the equilibrium period was approximately 30 minutes. The spontaneous endothermic reaction (ΔH° = +9.0 kJ mol−1; ΔG° < 0) was demonstrated by the thermodynamic results. FTIR spectroscopic and XPS analyses provided converging evidence that the imine, carbonyl, and urethane groups were directly involved in Be2+ binding. Under optimal elution conditions (0.4 M H2SO4), TP-SB-MA achieved a desorption efficiency of 87.15% and retained approximately 80% of its adsorption capacity after 9 cycles, demonstrating its high reusability, as confirmed by post-cycling XPS, which revealed the retention of both its Schiff-base structure and Be2+-coordinating sites. The acid leaching of real sludge, followed by TP-SB-MA adsorption, selective acid stripping, and pH-controlled precipitation–calcination, successfully recovered wurtzite-phase BeO with an experimentally verified chemical purity of 98.48 ± 0.33 wt% (confirmed by PXRD and ICP elemental assay). This study is the first to show that methacrylate-tuned Schiff base chelating ligands may be used for beryllium remediation and sustainable high-scopic recovery as a part of a circular resource management strategy.
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BibTeX
@article{ghazzy2026development,
title = {{Development of a triazine–pyrone Schiff base methacrylate adsorbent for the selective recovery of beryllium ions from hazardous industrial sludge}},
author = {Asma Ghazzy and Ali Marashdeh and Ala'a Al-Akhras and Eshraq Aljamal and Mohamed E. Eissa and Mohamed F. Cheira and Mohamed A. Gado and Taha F. Hassanein and Amal H. Tilp},
journal = {RSC advances},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1039/d6ra06027g},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13659814},
note = {CC BY-NC},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Development of a triazine–pyrone Schiff base methacrylate adsorbent for the selective recovery of beryllium ions from hazardous industrial sludge
AU - Asma Ghazzy
AU - Ali Marashdeh
AU - Ala'a Al-Akhras
AU - Eshraq Aljamal
AU - Mohamed E. Eissa
AU - Mohamed F. Cheira
AU - Mohamed A. Gado
AU - Taha F. Hassanein
AU - Amal H. Tilp
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/13
JO - RSC advances
DO - 10.1039/d6ra06027g
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13659814
AB - The extreme hydration, small ionic size, and high charge density of Be2+ ions make their recovery from hazardous industrial sludge a challenge, raising environmental concerns. Using a newly developed method, we synthesized triazine–pyrone Schiff base methacrylate (TP-SB-MA), a new chelating adsorbent, and evaluated its effectiveness for Be2+ separation. A two-step process was employed to synthesize TP-SB-MA. The first step involved changing the Schiff base from 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)triazine to 3-acetyl-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one. Then, a urethane link was used to functionalize the methacrylate. The material primarily displays nitrogen and oxygen donor sites, and its pore size ranges from 0.8 to 1.3 nm. The network of persistent micropores is another feature. The data fitted the Langmuir isotherm model (qm = 169.56 mg g−1) with the highest R2 value and the lowest SSE and χ2 values among the isotherm models studied, consistent with the monolayer surface coverage; together with the pseudo-second-order kinetics and Dubinin–Radushkevich adsorption energy, this supports a chemisorption-dominated uptake mechanism. Batch adsorption experiments demonstrated an experimental maximum capacity of 165.7 mg g−1 at pH 3.5, with a theoretical monolayer capacity of up to 175.19 mg g−1 predicted by Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm modeling, and the equilibrium period was approximately 30 minutes. The spontaneous endothermic reaction (ΔH° = +9.0 kJ mol−1; ΔG° < 0) was demonstrated by the thermodynamic results. FTIR spectroscopic and XPS analyses provided converging evidence that the imine, carbonyl, and urethane groups were directly involved in Be2+ binding. Under optimal elution conditions (0.4 M H2SO4), TP-SB-MA achieved a desorption efficiency of 87.15% and retained approximately 80% of its adsorption capacity after 9 cycles, demonstrating its high reusability, as confirmed by post-cycling XPS, which revealed the retention of both its Schiff-base structure and Be2+-coordinating sites. The acid leaching of real sludge, followed by TP-SB-MA adsorption, selective acid stripping, and pH-controlled precipitation–calcination, successfully recovered wurtzite-phase BeO with an experimentally verified chemical purity of 98.48 ± 0.33 wt% (confirmed by PXRD and ICP elemental assay). This study is the first to show that methacrylate-tuned Schiff base chelating ligands may be used for beryllium remediation and sustainable high-scopic recovery as a part of a circular resource management strategy.
SN - 2046-2069
ER -