How is the relationship between life style and cardiovascular diseases? A case- control study
6 affiliations
- 1Department of Healthcare Services Management, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan Iran
- 2Department of Health in Emergency and Disaster, Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences University, Tehran, Iran
- 3Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- 4Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- 5Behavioral Diseases Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- 6Department of Health Management, Policy & Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Background: Considering the high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in most countries of the world and in Iran, lifestyle modification is emphasized as one of the effective factors for the prevention and control of these diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between lifestyle and CVDs.
Methods: This study utilized a case-control design, involving 99 individuals with CVDs such as hypertension, angina, heart attack, coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmia, and valve diseases as the case group. The control group consisted of 396 participants without CVDs, all of whom were patients at Imam Ali and Imam Reza hospitals in Kermanshah in 2023. Inclusion criteria for the case group included a confirmed diagnosis by a physician, ages 18–65, use of at least one cardiac medication, no sensory or cognitive impairments, and the ability to communicate in Farsi or Kurdish. Additionally, participants could not have serious underlying conditions like metastatic cancer or kidney failure, nor could they be hemodynamically unstable. Data collection was conducted through convenience sampling and involved a questionnaire developed by Eshaghi et al., which included 46 questions across five domains: preventive measures, physical activity, nutrition, stress management, and social relationships. Trained interviewers worked with hospital administration to identify eligible participants in inpatient wards. Statistical analyses, including Chi-square tests, independent t-tests, and one-way ANOVA, were performed using Stata software. factors, including age, education, income, job, marital status, knowledge of computer, source of received health information, were adjusted during statistical analysis. The logistic regression model was used to determine the relationship between lifestyle and its dimensions and CVDs with the control of confounding variables, and adjusted odds ratio was reported with a confidence level of 95%.
Results: Based on the results the mean score of lifestyle in CVDs patients was 146.66 ± 23.87 and in the control group was 169.4 ± 25.86 and it means moderate level of lifestyle. There was significant relationship between life style and CVDs, so that with increasing one unit in the mean score of life style, the odds of CVDs significantly decreased by 6% (OR = 0.94, CI: [0.93, 0.96], p < 0.001). Although, a significantly relationship was found between the mean score of each dimention of life style (including prevention, physical activity, sports, …, healthy diet, stress management, social and interpersonal relationships) and CVDs. In other words, with increasing one unit in the mean score of the each dimention of life style, the odds of CVDs significantly decreased by at least 12% (p < 0.001).
Conclusion: According to the correlation between lifestyle and cardiovascular diseases, it is imperative to implement appropriate interventions. The enhancement of nutritional status, social connections, and stress management, alongside social and community-centered interventions to facilitate physical activity and healthy leisure activities, as well as individual coaching to enhance lifestyle, can contribute to the prevention and mitigation of CVDs prevalence. Therefore, it is advisable for policymakers in the health sector to prioritize these aspects in their intervention strategies.
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BibTeX
@article{maleki2026relationship,
title = {{How is the relationship between life style and cardiovascular diseases? A case- control study}},
author = {Raheleh Maleki and Abbas Mohammad Karimi Mazhin and Shahab Rezaeian and Ebrahim Shakiba and Hadi Darvishigilan and Khadije Safizade and Badriyeh Karami},
journal = {BMC Public Health},
year = {2026},
month = aug,
doi = {10.1186/s12889-026-28613-5},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-28613-5},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - How is the relationship between life style and cardiovascular diseases? A case- control study
AU - Raheleh Maleki
AU - Abbas Mohammad Karimi Mazhin
AU - Shahab Rezaeian
AU - Ebrahim Shakiba
AU - Hadi Darvishigilan
AU - Khadije Safizade
AU - Badriyeh Karami
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/08/10
JO - BMC Public Health
DO - 10.1186/s12889-026-28613-5
UR - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-28613-5
AB - Background: Considering the high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in most countries of the world and in Iran, lifestyle modification is emphasized as one of the effective factors for the prevention and control of these diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between lifestyle and CVDs. Methods: This study utilized a case-control design, involving 99 individuals with CVDs such as hypertension, angina, heart attack, coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmia, and valve diseases as the case group. The control group consisted of 396 participants without CVDs, all of whom were patients at Imam Ali and Imam Reza hospitals in Kermanshah in 2023. Inclusion criteria for the case group included a confirmed diagnosis by a physician, ages 18–65, use of at least one cardiac medication, no sensory or cognitive impairments, and the ability to communicate in Farsi or Kurdish. Additionally, participants could not have serious underlying conditions like metastatic cancer or kidney failure, nor could they be hemodynamically unstable. Data collection was conducted through convenience sampling and involved a questionnaire developed by Eshaghi et al., which included 46 questions across five domains: preventive measures, physical activity, nutrition, stress management, and social relationships. Trained interviewers worked with hospital administration to identify eligible participants in inpatient wards. Statistical analyses, including Chi-square tests, independent t-tests, and one-way ANOVA, were performed using Stata software. factors, including age, education, income, job, marital status, knowledge of computer, source of received health information, were adjusted during statistical analysis. The logistic regression model was used to determine the relationship between lifestyle and its dimensions and CVDs with the control of confounding variables, and adjusted odds ratio was reported with a confidence level of 95%. Results: Based on the results the mean score of lifestyle in CVDs patients was 146.66 ± 23.87 and in the control group was 169.4 ± 25.86 and it means moderate level of lifestyle. There was significant relationship between life style and CVDs, so that with increasing one unit in the mean score of life style, the odds of CVDs significantly decreased by 6% (OR = 0.94, CI: [0.93, 0.96], p < 0.001). Although, a significantly relationship was found between the mean score of each dimention of life style (including prevention, physical activity, sports, …, healthy diet, stress management, social and interpersonal relationships) and CVDs. In other words, with increasing one unit in the mean score of the each dimention of life style, the odds of CVDs significantly decreased by at least 12% (p < 0.001). Conclusion: According to the correlation between lifestyle and cardiovascular diseases, it is imperative to implement appropriate interventions. The enhancement of nutritional status, social connections, and stress management, alongside social and community-centered interventions to facilitate physical activity and healthy leisure activities, as well as individual coaching to enhance lifestyle, can contribute to the prevention and mitigation of CVDs prevalence. Therefore, it is advisable for policymakers in the health sector to prioritize these aspects in their intervention strategies.
SN - 1471-2458
ER -