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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Pain Research & Management

Body Mass Index Protects Against Temporomandibular Disorders, Whereas Systemic Inflammation, Vitamin D, and Migraine Do Not: A Causal Inference Study

  • Miao Yu1
  • Li Dai1
  1. 1Department of Stomatology Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University Jinan 250000 China sph.com.cn
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Abstract

Background and Objectives: Observational studies link temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) with body mass index (BMI), vitamin D, C‐reactive protein (CRP), and migraine but causal relationships remain unclear. This study aimed to assess the bidirectional causal effects between these factors and TMD using Mendelian randomization (MR).

Materials and Methods: We used publicly available GWAS summary statistics. TMD data were from FinnGen R13 (23,035 cases; 477,151 controls). Exposure data for BMI, vitamin D, CRP, and migraine were from UK Biobank, SUNLIGHT, CHARGE, and FinnGen. Inverse‐variance weighted (IVW) analysis was the primary method, with multiple sensitivity analyses and stratified MR.

Results: Higher genetically predicted BMI significantly reduced TMD risk (IVW: OR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.79–0.89, p = 6.9 × 10−8), with consistent dose–response gradients across BMI strata. No significant causal effects were found for vitamin D (OR = 1.00, p = 0.932), CRP (OR = 1.03, p = 0.502), or migraine (OR = 1.00, p = 0.653). Reverse MR found no causal effects of TMD on any factor.

Conclusions: Higher BMI protects against TMD, whereas vitamin D, CRP, and migraine do not causally influence TMD risk. These findings challenge the inflammation‐deficiency hypothesis and highlight the role of body composition in TMD.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{yu2026body,
  title = {{Body Mass Index Protects Against Temporomandibular Disorders, Whereas Systemic Inflammation, Vitamin D, and Migraine Do Not: A Causal Inference Study}},
  author = {Miao Yu and Li Dai},
  journal = {Pain Research \& Management},
  year = {2026},
  month = nov,
  doi = {10.1155/prm/1109763},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1155/prm/1109763},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Body Mass Index Protects Against Temporomandibular Disorders, Whereas Systemic Inflammation, Vitamin D, and Migraine Do Not: A Causal Inference Study
AU  - Miao Yu
AU  - Li Dai
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/11/02
JO  - Pain Research & Management
DO  - 10.1155/prm/1109763
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1155/prm/1109763
AB  - Background and Objectives: Observational studies link temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) with body mass index (BMI), vitamin D, C‐reactive protein (CRP), and migraine but causal relationships remain unclear. This study aimed to assess the bidirectional causal effects between these factors and TMD using Mendelian randomization (MR).  Materials and Methods: We used publicly available GWAS summary statistics. TMD data were from FinnGen R13 (23,035 cases; 477,151 controls). Exposure data for BMI, vitamin D, CRP, and migraine were from UK Biobank, SUNLIGHT, CHARGE, and FinnGen. Inverse‐variance weighted (IVW) analysis was the primary method, with multiple sensitivity analyses and stratified MR.  Results: Higher genetically predicted BMI significantly reduced TMD risk (IVW: OR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.79–0.89, p = 6.9 × 10−8), with consistent dose–response gradients across BMI strata. No significant causal effects were found for vitamin D (OR = 1.00, p = 0.932), CRP (OR = 1.03, p = 0.502), or migraine (OR = 1.00, p = 0.653). Reverse MR found no causal effects of TMD on any factor.  Conclusions: Higher BMI protects against TMD, whereas vitamin D, CRP, and migraine do not causally influence TMD risk. These findings challenge the inflammation‐deficiency hypothesis and highlight the role of body composition in TMD.
SN  - 1203-6765
SN  - 1918-1523
ER  -