Workflow-oriented learning curve analysis of laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy: step-specific associations of operative maturation.
- 1Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 347 Dianmian Avenue, Wuhua District, Kunming, Yunnan, 650101, China.
- 2Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 347 Dianmian Avenue, Wuhua District, Kunming, Yunnan, 650101, China. [email protected].
Abstract
Background
The learning curve of laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy (LDP) has traditionally been assessed using global operative indicators such as operative time and blood loss. However, little is known about how technical performance evolves during individual operative steps. This study aimed to perform a workflow-oriented learning curve analysis of LDP using cumulative sum (CUSUM) methodology and step-specific operative assessment.Methods
We retrospectively analyzed 58 consecutive patients who underwent LDP between January 2023 and December 2025 at a high-volume pancreatic center. Operative workflow was divided into predefined operative steps according to anatomical landmarks. CUSUM analysis based on operative time was used to identify the transition from the initial phases to the proficiency phase.Results
CUSUM analysis identified a transition point at approximately Case 29. Mean operative time decreased from 77 ± 13 min in the early phase to 54 ± 14 min in the late phase (P < 0.001). The steepest reductions occurred during pancreatic mobilization (31 ± 10 vs. 17 ± 6 min, P < 0.001) and splenic vessel dissection (24 ± 9 vs. 12 ± 4 min, P < 0.001). Estimated blood loss also declined significantly (39 ± 18 vs. 21 ± 11 mL, P = 0.002), while postoperative pancreatic fistula rates and overall complication rates remained comparable between phases.Conclusions
In this cohort, reductions in operative time during LDP were concentrated in anatomically complex dissection steps rather than uniform acceleration of the entire procedure. Step-specific analysis describes temporal patterns that characterize technical change during minimally invasive pancreatic surgery.
Related
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BibTeX
@article{su2026workfloworiented,
title = {{Workflow-oriented learning curve analysis of laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy: step-specific associations of operative maturation.}},
author = {Kun Su and Renchao Zou and Xiawei Yang and Tao Wu and Jie Huang},
journal = {BMC surgery},
year = {2026},
month = jul,
doi = {10.1186/s12893-026-04063-z},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42894162},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Workflow-oriented learning curve analysis of laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy: step-specific associations of operative maturation.
AU - Kun Su
AU - Renchao Zou
AU - Xiawei Yang
AU - Tao Wu
AU - Jie Huang
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/07/01
JO - BMC surgery
DO - 10.1186/s12893-026-04063-z
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42894162
AB - Background The learning curve of laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy (LDP) has traditionally been assessed using global operative indicators such as operative time and blood loss. However, little is known about how technical performance evolves during individual operative steps. This study aimed to perform a workflow-oriented learning curve analysis of LDP using cumulative sum (CUSUM) methodology and step-specific operative assessment.Methods We retrospectively analyzed 58 consecutive patients who underwent LDP between January 2023 and December 2025 at a high-volume pancreatic center. Operative workflow was divided into predefined operative steps according to anatomical landmarks. CUSUM analysis based on operative time was used to identify the transition from the initial phases to the proficiency phase.Results CUSUM analysis identified a transition point at approximately Case 29. Mean operative time decreased from 77 ± 13 min in the early phase to 54 ± 14 min in the late phase (P < 0.001). The steepest reductions occurred during pancreatic mobilization (31 ± 10 vs. 17 ± 6 min, P < 0.001) and splenic vessel dissection (24 ± 9 vs. 12 ± 4 min, P < 0.001). Estimated blood loss also declined significantly (39 ± 18 vs. 21 ± 11 mL, P = 0.002), while postoperative pancreatic fistula rates and overall complication rates remained comparable between phases.Conclusions In this cohort, reductions in operative time during LDP were concentrated in anatomically complex dissection steps rather than uniform acceleration of the entire procedure. Step-specific analysis describes temporal patterns that characterize technical change during minimally invasive pancreatic surgery.
SN - 1471-2482
ER -