ADF22-WEB: Massive galaxy formation shaped by cosmic web filaments in the z = 3.1 proto-cluster core
Abstract
We present a census of dust, molecular gas, and galaxy structure in 18 dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) at z=3.09 embedded in Lyα-traced cosmic web filaments in the core of the SSA22 proto-cluster, using multi-band ALMA, JWST imaging, and JVLA CO(1--0). Using up to six ALMA bands and Herschel/SPIRE data, we construct rest-frame far-infrared spectral energy distributions. The DSFGs span two orders of magnitude in far-infrared luminosity (LFIR∼1011--1013L⊙), with median values of log(LFIR/L⊙)=11.56+0.32−0.37 and Tdust=25+6−3K. For eight DSFGs with high-resolution (∼1 kpc) JWST and ALMA imaging, we measure stellar and dust surface densities and find a positive correlation, suggesting that structural compaction of the stellar component proceeds together with that of the interstellar medium. We report 12 detections of CO(1--0), 18 of CO(3--2), four each of CO(8--7) and CO(9--8), and one of CO(12--11). The median brightness temperature ratio between CO(3--2) and CO(1--0) is r31=0.66+0.05−0.04, consistent with field galaxies at similar redshifts. The high-J CO lines show relatively low excitation, and the CO(8--7)/CO(3--2) ratio correlates with star-formation rate surface density, suggesting that molecular gas excitation is primarily regulated by star formation. Lower-mass galaxies show excess molecular gas fractions and depletion times relative to field scaling relations. By combining quiescent galaxy samples in the same field, we identify a sequence from gas-rich systems with low stellar surface density to gas-poor, compact systems with high stellar surface density. These results suggest that massive galaxy evolution in dense environments is governed by a baryon cycle linking gas supply, star formation, and structural transformation within the cosmic web environment.
Related
- COOL-LAMPS. IX. A Rare Duo of Quasars Each Lensed by a Single Massive Galaxy Cluster
- An Unusually Clumpy Ultra-Diffuse Galaxy in the Coma Cluster: A Missing Link for Globular Cluster Formation?
- DeepDive: Simultaneous Formation of Massive Quiescent Galaxies in High-redshift Galaxy Overdensities
- From Cluster Cores to the Low-density Field: Strong Environmental Quenching of Galaxy Star Formation at Low Redshift
- Pinpointing the cosmic web between massive galaxy clusters. I. The incidence of H i and O vi as WHIM tracers
BibTeX
@misc{umehata2026adf22web,
title = {{ADF22-WEB: Massive galaxy formation shaped by cosmic web filaments in the z = 3.1 proto-cluster core}},
author = {Hideki Umehata and Ian Smail and Charles C. Steidel and Bret D. Lehmer and Kouichiro Nakanishi and Bunyo Hatsukade and Mariko Kubo and Norika Okauchi and Yoichi Tamura and Masato Hagimoto},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.06679},
eprint = {2609.06679},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.06679},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - ADF22-WEB: Massive galaxy formation shaped by cosmic web filaments in the z = 3.1 proto-cluster core
AU - Hideki Umehata
AU - Ian Smail
AU - Charles C. Steidel
AU - Bret D. Lehmer
AU - Kouichiro Nakanishi
AU - Bunyo Hatsukade
AU - Mariko Kubo
AU - Norika Okauchi
AU - Yoichi Tamura
AU - Masato Hagimoto
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/06
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.06679
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.06679
AB - We present a census of dust, molecular gas, and galaxy structure in 18 dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) at z=3.09 embedded in Lyα-traced cosmic web filaments in the core of the SSA22 proto-cluster, using multi-band ALMA, JWST imaging, and JVLA CO(1--0). Using up to six ALMA bands and Herschel/SPIRE data, we construct rest-frame far-infrared spectral energy distributions. The DSFGs span two orders of magnitude in far-infrared luminosity (L_FIR∼10^11--10^13L_⊙), with median values of log(L_FIR/L_⊙)=11.56^+0.32_−0.37 and T_dust=25^+6_−3K. For eight DSFGs with high-resolution (∼1 kpc) JWST and ALMA imaging, we measure stellar and dust surface densities and find a positive correlation, suggesting that structural compaction of the stellar component proceeds together with that of the interstellar medium. We report 12 detections of CO(1--0), 18 of CO(3--2), four each of CO(8--7) and CO(9--8), and one of CO(12--11). The median brightness temperature ratio between CO(3--2) and CO(1--0) is r_31=0.66^+0.05_−0.04, consistent with field galaxies at similar redshifts. The high-J CO lines show relatively low excitation, and the CO(8--7)/CO(3--2) ratio correlates with star-formation rate surface density, suggesting that molecular gas excitation is primarily regulated by star formation. Lower-mass galaxies show excess molecular gas fractions and depletion times relative to field scaling relations. By combining quiescent galaxy samples in the same field, we identify a sequence from gas-rich systems with low stellar surface density to gas-poor, compact systems with high stellar surface density. These results suggest that massive galaxy evolution in dense environments is governed by a baryon cycle linking gas supply, star formation, and structural transformation within the cosmic web environment.
ER -