Validation and modification of a Chinese smell identification test (CSIT-12) in patients with Parkinson's disease and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder.
5 affiliations
- 1Department of Neurology and National Research Center for Aging and Medicine & National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- 2Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- 3School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Fragrance Flavour and Cosmetics, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China.
- 4Department of Neurology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
- 5School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
Abstract
Background
To enhance olfactory screening for Chinese patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) or rapid-eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) by developing and modifying a Chinese Smell Identification Test 12 (CSIT-12).Methods
In a discovery cohort, 69 PD patients and 47 healthy controls (HCs) were tested on 24 distinct odors using the Sniffin' Sticks Screening Test 12 (SSST-12) and CSIT-12. The 12 odors with the highest area under the curve (AUC) were selected to construct the Chinese version of the Sniffin' Sticks Screening Test 12 (C-SSST-12). This newly developed test was then validated in an independent cohort comprising 48 PD patients, 48 RBD patients, and 48 HCs. The reliability and validity of SSST-12, CSIT-12, C-SSST-12, and further abbreviated odor subsets were compared.Results
Scores on SSST-12, CSIT-12, and C-SSST-12 were significantly lower in both PD and RBD compared to HCs (all P < 0.001). Both the CSIT-12 and SSST-12 demonstrated good discriminative capacity for PD versus HCs (CSIT-12: AUC = 0.832, sensitivity = 77.1%, specificity = 83.3%; SSST-12: AUC = 0.913, sensitivity = 85.4%, specificity = 81.3%) and RBD versus HCs (CSIT-12: AUC = 0.881, sensitivity = 85.4%, specificity = 83.3%; SSST-12: AUC = 0.893, sensitivity = 79.2%, specificity = 81.3%). Notably, the C-SSST-12 achieved the highest discriminative performance for PD versus HCs (AUC = 0.930, sensitivity = 81.3%, specificity = 85.4%) and RBD versus HCs (AUC = 0.949, sensitivity = 89.6%, specificity = 85.4%). A 5-odor CSIT-12 subset and a 3-odor C-SSST-12 subset retained high discriminative validity.Conclusions
This study highlights the discriminative value of utilizing culturally familiar odors for the screening of PD and RBD in Chinese populations. Furthermore, the abbreviated odor subsets offer highly efficient, rapid screening options suitable for community-based testing and fast-paced clinical environments.
Related
- Identification and validation of biomarkers associated with mitochondrial dynamics dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease based on GEO datasets
- Identification and validation of cholesterol homeostasis and NK cell-associated predictive and therapeutic models for Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease patients with ST-elevated myocardial infarction: Insights from artificial intelligence and multi-omics
- Saccadic network dysfunction underlies eye-movement variability in early Parkinson's disease
- The FOG‐COA Protocol: Validation of Freezing of Gait Clinical Outcomes Assessments in Parkinson's Disease
- Odor-Specific Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease-UPSIT-TC Odor Identification Status Versus Clinical Severity.
BibTeX
@article{liang2026validation,
title = {{Validation and modification of a Chinese smell identification test (CSIT-12) in patients with Parkinson's disease and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder.}},
author = {Xiao-Niu Liang and Xiao-Yue Wang and Jian-Cai Zhu and Yun-Wei Niu and Cong Fu and Hua-Lan Yang and Jian Wang and Huan Yu and Zuo-Bing Xiao and Yi-Min Sun},
journal = {Clinical parkinsonism \& related disorders},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1016/j.prdoa.2026.100507},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42898076},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Validation and modification of a Chinese smell identification test (CSIT-12) in patients with Parkinson's disease and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder.
AU - Xiao-Niu Liang
AU - Xiao-Yue Wang
AU - Jian-Cai Zhu
AU - Yun-Wei Niu
AU - Cong Fu
AU - Hua-Lan Yang
AU - Jian Wang
AU - Huan Yu
AU - Zuo-Bing Xiao
AU - Yi-Min Sun
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/01
JO - Clinical parkinsonism & related disorders
DO - 10.1016/j.prdoa.2026.100507
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42898076
AB - Background To enhance olfactory screening for Chinese patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) or rapid-eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) by developing and modifying a Chinese Smell Identification Test 12 (CSIT-12).Methods In a discovery cohort, 69 PD patients and 47 healthy controls (HCs) were tested on 24 distinct odors using the Sniffin' Sticks Screening Test 12 (SSST-12) and CSIT-12. The 12 odors with the highest area under the curve (AUC) were selected to construct the Chinese version of the Sniffin' Sticks Screening Test 12 (C-SSST-12). This newly developed test was then validated in an independent cohort comprising 48 PD patients, 48 RBD patients, and 48 HCs. The reliability and validity of SSST-12, CSIT-12, C-SSST-12, and further abbreviated odor subsets were compared.Results Scores on SSST-12, CSIT-12, and C-SSST-12 were significantly lower in both PD and RBD compared to HCs (all P < 0.001). Both the CSIT-12 and SSST-12 demonstrated good discriminative capacity for PD versus HCs (CSIT-12: AUC = 0.832, sensitivity = 77.1%, specificity = 83.3%; SSST-12: AUC = 0.913, sensitivity = 85.4%, specificity = 81.3%) and RBD versus HCs (CSIT-12: AUC = 0.881, sensitivity = 85.4%, specificity = 83.3%; SSST-12: AUC = 0.893, sensitivity = 79.2%, specificity = 81.3%). Notably, the C-SSST-12 achieved the highest discriminative performance for PD versus HCs (AUC = 0.930, sensitivity = 81.3%, specificity = 85.4%) and RBD versus HCs (AUC = 0.949, sensitivity = 89.6%, specificity = 85.4%). A 5-odor CSIT-12 subset and a 3-odor C-SSST-12 subset retained high discriminative validity.Conclusions This study highlights the discriminative value of utilizing culturally familiar odors for the screening of PD and RBD in Chinese populations. Furthermore, the abbreviated odor subsets offer highly efficient, rapid screening options suitable for community-based testing and fast-paced clinical environments.
SN - 2590-1125
ER -