Association Between Clothing Type and Observed Behavior among Boys During Mosque Worship in Indonesia
8 affiliations
- 1KID-ABA Autism NDD Center, Indonesia.
- 2Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarmasin, Indonesia.
- 3Faculty of Master of Management, University of Gajayana Malang, Indonesia.
- 4Universitas Islam Negeri Fatmawati Sukarno Bengkulu, Indonesia.
- 5Universitas Stikubank, Semarang, Indonesia.
- 6UIN Sunan Kalijaga, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
- 7Universitas Veteran Bangun Nusantara, Indonesia.
- 8Universitas IPWIJA, Bogor, Indonesia.
Abstract
Objective: This study examined the association between clothing type and observed behavior among Muslim boys attending mosque worship during Ramadan in Indonesia.
Methods and Materials: A naturalistic observational study was conducted across eight semi-urban Indonesian mosques during ten consecutive Ramadan days. A total of 1,391 child-presence episodes involving boys approximately 6–9 years old were recorded. Clothing was classified as religious or casual, and predominant behavior as calm or disruptive. Associations were examined using Pearson’s chi-square test, Cramér’s V, and the contingency coefficient. Two parent interviews provided contextual information.
Findings: Calm behavior was observed in 409 of 630 episodes (64.9%) involving religious clothing, compared with 198 of 761 episodes (26.0%) involving casual clothing. Conversely, disruptive behavior occurred in 35.1% and 74.0% of episodes, respectively. The association between clothing type and behavior was statistically significant under the independence assumption, χ²(1, N = 1,391) = 212.08, nominal p < .001, with a moderate association magnitude (Cramér’s V = .390; contingency coefficient = .364). However, repeated observations of unidentified children and unaccounted mosque-level clustering limit the precision of inferential estimates.
Conclusion: Religious clothing was associated with a higher observed proportion of calm behavior during mosque worship. The findings do not establish causality, given potential repeated observations, unmeasured confounders, and unavailable interobserver reliability estimates.
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BibTeX
@article{arneliza2026association,
title = {{Association Between Clothing Type and Observed Behavior among Boys During Mosque Worship in Indonesia}},
author = {Arneliza and Ellisa Vikalista and Tri Cicik Wijayanti and Asnaini and Imam Husni Al Amin and Siti Rohaya and Dewi Kusumaningsih and Ja'far Amir},
journal = {International Journal of Body, Mind and Culture},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
doi = {10.61838/ijbmc.v13i11.1406},
url = {https://doi.org/10.61838/ijbmc.v13i11.1406},
note = {CC BY-NC},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Association Between Clothing Type and Observed Behavior among Boys During Mosque Worship in Indonesia
AU - Arneliza
AU - Ellisa Vikalista
AU - Tri Cicik Wijayanti
AU - Asnaini
AU - Imam Husni Al Amin
AU - Siti Rohaya
AU - Dewi Kusumaningsih
AU - Ja'far Amir
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/11/01
JO - International Journal of Body, Mind and Culture
DO - 10.61838/ijbmc.v13i11.1406
UR - https://doi.org/10.61838/ijbmc.v13i11.1406
AB - Objective: This study examined the association between clothing type and observed behavior among Muslim boys attending mosque worship during Ramadan in Indonesia. Methods and Materials: A naturalistic observational study was conducted across eight semi-urban Indonesian mosques during ten consecutive Ramadan days. A total of 1,391 child-presence episodes involving boys approximately 6–9 years old were recorded. Clothing was classified as religious or casual, and predominant behavior as calm or disruptive. Associations were examined using Pearson’s chi-square test, Cramér’s V, and the contingency coefficient. Two parent interviews provided contextual information. Findings: Calm behavior was observed in 409 of 630 episodes (64.9%) involving religious clothing, compared with 198 of 761 episodes (26.0%) involving casual clothing. Conversely, disruptive behavior occurred in 35.1% and 74.0% of episodes, respectively. The association between clothing type and behavior was statistically significant under the independence assumption, χ²(1, N = 1,391) = 212.08, nominal p < .001, with a moderate association magnitude (Cramér’s V = .390; contingency coefficient = .364). However, repeated observations of unidentified children and unaccounted mosque-level clustering limit the precision of inferential estimates. Conclusion: Religious clothing was associated with a higher observed proportion of calm behavior during mosque worship. The findings do not establish causality, given potential repeated observations, unmeasured confounders, and unavailable interobserver reliability estimates.
SN - 2345-5802
ER -