Environmental features or interspecific relations: What determines distribution of Syrian and Great Spotted woodpeckers hybrids?
- 1Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals Polish Academy of Sciences
Abstract
Urban and rural woodlands have become important habitats for wildlife, providing opportunities for ecological and ethological adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Due to limited tree resources in anthropogenic woodlands, different species are often forced to interact more closely, and one possible outcome of such interactions is hybridisation. Recent studies have shown that hybrids between the uncommon Syrian Woodpecker (Dendrocopos major) and the often common Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos syriacus) are relatively widespread, yet rare, in sympatric populations (Bakai et al. 2026). To understand the factors determining their occurrence in rural and urban landscapes, we conducted an intensive survey across Europe. We examined the effects of environmental factors, particularly woodland characteristics, as well as the co-occurrence of hybrids with the parental species and European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) (hereafter Starling). Spatial analyses revealed that the parental species generally have allotopic distributions, with Syrian Woodpeckers (hereafter SW) being more common in scattered woodlands in both rural and urban landscapes, while Great Spotted Woodpeckers (hereafter GW) are more commonly associated with denser woodlands and forests. Although in some areas the two species can co-occur, which provides opportunities for interspecific hybridisation, hybrid offspring showed no clear preference for any particular woodland type. However, they tended to occur in proximity to one of the parental species, usually the species that was locally rarer. Starlings were not identified as a factor influencing hybrid distribution. These results suggest that hybrids have a relatively broad ecological tolerance, potentially facilitated by heterosis. These findings contribute to our understanding of the factors influencing interspecific hybridisation and may have implications for the management of urban and rural woodlands to preserve habitats for the SW, an uncommon and strictly protected species in the west of the European Union.
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BibTeX
@misc{bakai2026environmental,
title = {{Environmental features or interspecific relations: What determines distribution of Syrian and Great Spotted woodpeckers hybrids?}},
author = {A. Bakai and E. Grzedzicka and B. Kusal and Z. Pochłopien and T. Figarski and G. Gorman and Łukasz Kajtoch},
howpublished = {bioRxiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.64898/2026.09.17.752445},
url = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.17.752445v1},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Environmental features or interspecific relations: What determines distribution of Syrian and Great Spotted woodpeckers hybrids?
AU - A. Bakai
AU - E. Grzedzicka
AU - B. Kusal
AU - Z. Pochłopien
AU - T. Figarski
AU - G. Gorman
AU - Łukasz Kajtoch
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/17
PB - bioRxiv
DO - 10.64898/2026.09.17.752445
UR - https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.17.752445v1
AB - Urban and rural woodlands have become important habitats for wildlife, providing opportunities for ecological and ethological adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Due to limited tree resources in anthropogenic woodlands, different species are often forced to interact more closely, and one possible outcome of such interactions is hybridisation. Recent studies have shown that hybrids between the uncommon Syrian Woodpecker (Dendrocopos major) and the often common Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos syriacus) are relatively widespread, yet rare, in sympatric populations (Bakai et al. 2026). To understand the factors determining their occurrence in rural and urban landscapes, we conducted an intensive survey across Europe. We examined the effects of environmental factors, particularly woodland characteristics, as well as the co-occurrence of hybrids with the parental species and European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) (hereafter Starling). Spatial analyses revealed that the parental species generally have allotopic distributions, with Syrian Woodpeckers (hereafter SW) being more common in scattered woodlands in both rural and urban landscapes, while Great Spotted Woodpeckers (hereafter GW) are more commonly associated with denser woodlands and forests. Although in some areas the two species can co-occur, which provides opportunities for interspecific hybridisation, hybrid offspring showed no clear preference for any particular woodland type. However, they tended to occur in proximity to one of the parental species, usually the species that was locally rarer. Starlings were not identified as a factor influencing hybrid distribution. These results suggest that hybrids have a relatively broad ecological tolerance, potentially facilitated by heterosis. These findings contribute to our understanding of the factors influencing interspecific hybridisation and may have implications for the management of urban and rural woodlands to preserve habitats for the SW, an uncommon and strictly protected species in the west of the European Union.
ER -