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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Molecules

Valorization of Coal Fly Ash via a Novel SiFA/Chitosan/MnFe2O4 Composite Photocatalyst for Selective Oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-Diformylfuran

  • Pedro Ângelo Miranda1
  • Marta Monteiro1
  • Claudia Santos2
  • Alexandra Guedes2
  • Bruno Valentim2
  • Andreia F. Peixoto1
  • Clara Rodrigues Pereira1
  • Cristina Freire1
  • Waldemar Maniukiewicz3
  • Iwona Kuźniarska-Biernacka1,4
4 affiliations
  1. 1REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
  2. 2Earth Science Institute—Porto Pole, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Plannings, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
  3. 3Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Łódź University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
  4. 4Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Pomorska 163/165, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
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Abstract

The valorization of biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and coal fly ash (CFA) offers opportunities for more sustainable chemical production. In this study, a silica-rich fraction recovered from CFA (SiFA) was combined with chitosan (CS) and manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4, MFO) to prepare a ternary SiFA/CS/MFO composite using co-precipitation and ionic gelation. The materials obtained at each stage of preparation were comprehensively characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS). Under photocatalytic conditions in acetonitrile, the composite achieved 92.6% HMF conversion with 90.5% selectivity toward 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF). In contrast, thermal catalytic oxidation at 100 °C using tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBuOOH) resulted in 99.7% HMF conversion but only 5% DFF selectivity. These results highlight the potential of fly-ash derived silica-based composites for selective photocatalytic valorization of a biomass-derived platform.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{miranda2026valorization,
  title = {{Valorization of Coal Fly Ash via a Novel SiFA/Chitosan/MnFe2O4 Composite Photocatalyst for Selective Oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-Diformylfuran}},
  author = {Pedro Ângelo Miranda and Marta Monteiro and Claudia Santos and Alexandra Guedes and Bruno Valentim and Andreia F. Peixoto and Clara Rodrigues Pereira and Cristina Freire and Waldemar Maniukiewicz and Iwona Kuźniarska-Biernacka},
  journal = {Molecules},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3390/molecules31213798},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/21/3798},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Valorization of Coal Fly Ash via a Novel SiFA/Chitosan/MnFe2O4 Composite Photocatalyst for Selective Oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-Diformylfuran
AU  - Pedro Ângelo Miranda
AU  - Marta Monteiro
AU  - Claudia Santos
AU  - Alexandra Guedes
AU  - Bruno Valentim
AU  - Andreia F. Peixoto
AU  - Clara Rodrigues Pereira
AU  - Cristina Freire
AU  - Waldemar Maniukiewicz
AU  - Iwona Kuźniarska-Biernacka
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/22
JO  - Molecules
DO  - 10.3390/molecules31213798
UR  - https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/21/3798
AB  - The valorization of biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and coal fly ash (CFA) offers opportunities for more sustainable chemical production. In this study, a silica-rich fraction recovered from CFA (SiFA) was combined with chitosan (CS) and manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4, MFO) to prepare a ternary SiFA/CS/MFO composite using co-precipitation and ionic gelation. The materials obtained at each stage of preparation were comprehensively characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS). Under photocatalytic conditions in acetonitrile, the composite achieved 92.6% HMF conversion with 90.5% selectivity toward 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF). In contrast, thermal catalytic oxidation at 100 °C using tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBuOOH) resulted in 99.7% HMF conversion but only 5% DFF selectivity. These results highlight the potential of fly-ash derived silica-based composites for selective photocatalytic valorization of a biomass-derived platform.
SN  - 1420-3049
ER  -