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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Journal of Endocrinological Investigation

Phase angle and triglyceride-glucose index as biomarkers of glycemic control, body composition and cardiovascular risk in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a cross-sectional study

  • Marta García-Poblet1,2
  • José Miguel Martínez-Sanz1,2
  • Manuel Antonio Alberola-Chazarra3
  • Esther Soler-Climent3,4
  • Ana Pilar Nso-Roca5
  • Isabel Sospedra1,2
5 affiliations
  1. 1Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Science, University of Alicante, 03692 Alicante, Spain
  2. 2Research group on Applied Dietetics, Nutrition and Body Composition (DANuC), University of Alicante, 03692 Alicante, Spain
  3. 3Pediatrics Unit, General Hospital of Elche, 03203 Elche, Alicante, Spain
  4. 4Research and Innovation Area, Health Department of General Hospital of Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain
  5. 5Pediatrics Unit, University Hospital of San Juan, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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Abstract

Purpose: Traditional markers such as HbA1c and BMI are commonly used to assess metabolic risk in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), but novel biomarkers like the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and phase angle (PA) may provide a more comprehensive evaluation of metabolic risk. However, their potential role in this population remains unclear. We aimed (1) to evaluate the association of the TyG index and PA with glycemic control, cardiovascular risk and body composition in adolescents with T1DM, and (2) to determine optimal cut-off points for these biomarkers to predict metabolic risk.

Methods: Seventy-three adolescents (46.6% female, 10–19 years) with T1DM from two hospitals were included in this cross-sectional study. Sociodemographic, bioelectrical impedance (BIA) and clinical data were collected during routine visits. The TyG index was calculated from fasting triglyceride and glucose levels, and PA was measured via BIA. Correlations were analyzed using Pearson or Spearman coefficients, and ROC curve analyses were used to determine optimal cut-off points.

Results: PA correlated positively with skeletal muscle and fat-free mass and inversely with cardiovascular risk indicators. TyG was strongly associated with adiposity, glycemic variability and cardiovascular risk markers. A preliminary TyG threshold of 8.09 was identified, while no PA cut-off could be established.

Conclusions: PA and the TyG index are promising, non-invasive biomarkers that complement traditional measures in assessing metabolic risk in adolescents with T1DM. Integrating these biomarkers into routine evaluation may enhance early risk detection and support holistic management in this population.

Trial registration number: NCT07021326.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{garciapoblet2026phase,
  title = {{Phase angle and triglyceride-glucose index as biomarkers of glycemic control, body composition and cardiovascular risk in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a cross-sectional study}},
  author = {Marta García-Poblet and José Miguel Martínez-Sanz and Manuel Antonio Alberola-Chazarra and Esther Soler-Climent and Ana Pilar Nso-Roca and Isabel Sospedra},
  journal = {Journal of Endocrinological Investigation},
  year = {2026},
  month = jun,
  doi = {10.1007/s40618-026-02969-2},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-026-02969-2},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Phase angle and triglyceride-glucose index as biomarkers of glycemic control, body composition and cardiovascular risk in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a cross-sectional study
AU  - Marta García-Poblet
AU  - José Miguel Martínez-Sanz
AU  - Manuel Antonio Alberola-Chazarra
AU  - Esther Soler-Climent
AU  - Ana Pilar Nso-Roca
AU  - Isabel Sospedra
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/06/29
JO  - Journal of Endocrinological Investigation
DO  - 10.1007/s40618-026-02969-2
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-026-02969-2
AB  - Purpose: Traditional markers such as HbA1c and BMI are commonly used to assess metabolic risk in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), but novel biomarkers like the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and phase angle (PA) may provide a more comprehensive evaluation of metabolic risk. However, their potential role in this population remains unclear. We aimed (1) to evaluate the association of the TyG index and PA with glycemic control, cardiovascular risk and body composition in adolescents with T1DM, and (2) to determine optimal cut-off points for these biomarkers to predict metabolic risk.  Methods: Seventy-three adolescents (46.6% female, 10–19 years) with T1DM from two hospitals were included in this cross-sectional study. Sociodemographic, bioelectrical impedance (BIA) and clinical data were collected during routine visits. The TyG index was calculated from fasting triglyceride and glucose levels, and PA was measured via BIA. Correlations were analyzed using Pearson or Spearman coefficients, and ROC curve analyses were used to determine optimal cut-off points.  Results: PA correlated positively with skeletal muscle and fat-free mass and inversely with cardiovascular risk indicators. TyG was strongly associated with adiposity, glycemic variability and cardiovascular risk markers. A preliminary TyG threshold of 8.09 was identified, while no PA cut-off could be established.  Conclusions: PA and the TyG index are promising, non-invasive biomarkers that complement traditional measures in assessing metabolic risk in adolescents with T1DM. Integrating these biomarkers into routine evaluation may enhance early risk detection and support holistic management in this population.  Trial registration number: NCT07021326.
SN  - 0391-4097
SN  - 1720-8386
ER  -