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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Clinical Neurophysiology Practice

Decoding Parkinson's disease: a systematic review of qEEG biomarkers across clinical domains

  • Marjan Makhsous1
  • Maryam Izadpanahi2
  • Ehsan Rezayat1
  1. 1Department of Cognitive Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Abstract

Objective: This systematic review synthesized evidence on quantitative EEG (qEEG) correlates of Parkinson's disease (PD) across five domains: cognition, motor function, pharmacological interventions, neuromodulation, and sleep/non-motor features, evaluating qEEG's potential as a biomarker across these clinical domains.

Methods: Following PRISMA, we searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus for studies published from 1991 to 2025. We included studies with ≥10 idiopathic PD patients, resting-state qEEG, and empirical data. Methodological quality was assessed using JBI checklists and AMSTAR.

Results: We included 89 studies. Spectral slowing – reduced posterior dominant frequency and increased theta power – was the most consistent correlate of cognitive impairment. Connectivity measures (PLV, graph metrics) showed stronger associations with motor dysfunction, gait impairment, and freezing than spectral power alone. qEEG changed with dopaminergic drugs (increased alpha/beta) and neuromodulation (DBS, tDCS, rTMS, neurofeedback). Sleep studies revealed spindle density reductions linked to dementia risk.

Conclusions: qEEG is a promising biomarker for PD, with distinct electrophysiological correlates across cognitive, motor, pharmacological, and neuromodulatory domains. However, methodological standardization is needed before clinical use.

Significance: With standardized protocols and multicenter validation, qEEG could aid diagnosis, progression tracking, and personalized therapy in PD.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{makhsous2026decoding,
  title = {{Decoding Parkinson's disease: a systematic review of qEEG biomarkers across clinical domains}},
  author = {Marjan Makhsous and Maryam Izadpanahi and Ehsan Rezayat},
  journal = {Clinical Neurophysiology Practice},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1016/j.cnp.2026.10.007},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnp.2026.10.007},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Decoding Parkinson's disease: a systematic review of qEEG biomarkers across clinical domains
AU  - Marjan Makhsous
AU  - Maryam Izadpanahi
AU  - Ehsan Rezayat
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/19
JO  - Clinical Neurophysiology Practice
DO  - 10.1016/j.cnp.2026.10.007
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnp.2026.10.007
AB  - Objective: This systematic review synthesized evidence on quantitative EEG (qEEG) correlates of Parkinson's disease (PD) across five domains: cognition, motor function, pharmacological interventions, neuromodulation, and sleep/non-motor features, evaluating qEEG's potential as a biomarker across these clinical domains.  Methods: Following PRISMA, we searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus for studies published from 1991 to 2025. We included studies with ≥10 idiopathic PD patients, resting-state qEEG, and empirical data. Methodological quality was assessed using JBI checklists and AMSTAR.  Results: We included 89 studies. Spectral slowing – reduced posterior dominant frequency and increased theta power – was the most consistent correlate of cognitive impairment. Connectivity measures (PLV, graph metrics) showed stronger associations with motor dysfunction, gait impairment, and freezing than spectral power alone. qEEG changed with dopaminergic drugs (increased alpha/beta) and neuromodulation (DBS, tDCS, rTMS, neurofeedback). Sleep studies revealed spindle density reductions linked to dementia risk.  Conclusions: qEEG is a promising biomarker for PD, with distinct electrophysiological correlates across cognitive, motor, pharmacological, and neuromodulatory domains. However, methodological standardization is needed before clinical use.  Significance: With standardized protocols and multicenter validation, qEEG could aid diagnosis, progression tracking, and personalized therapy in PD.
SN  - 2467-981X
ER  -