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Peer-reviewedCC BYCancers

TILs in Breast Cancer: Paving New Ways Beyond Their Prognostic and Predictive Values.

  • Jean-Marc Ferrero1
  • Loïc Trapani2
  • Rym Bouriga3
  • Baharia Mograbi4,5
  • Jocelyn Gal5
  • Gérard Milano6
6 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Medical Oncology, Antoine Lacassagne Center, University Côte d'Azur, 33 Avenue de Valombrose, 06189 Nice, France.
  2. 2Department of Cytopathology and Anatomopathology, Antoine Lacassagne Center, University Côte d'Azur, 33 Avenue de Valombrose, 06189 Nice, France.
  3. 3Department of Medical Oncology, Park Imperial Hospital, 28 Boulevard du Tzarewitch, 06000 Nice, France.
  4. 4Institute for Research on Ageing and Cancer, Nice (IRCAN), Fédérations Hospitalo-Universitaires (FHU) OncoAge, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 7284, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1081, University Côte d'Azur, 28 Avenue Valombrose, 06107 Nice, France.
  5. 5Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) RespirERA, University Côte d'Azur, 27 Rue du Professeur Delvalle, 06000 Nice, France.
  6. 6Antoine Lacassagne Center, University Côte d'Azur, 33 Avenue de Valombrose, 06189 Nice, France.
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Abstract

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) measurement has emerged as a critical biomarker in breast cancer management, being considered as having strong prognostic and predictive values, particularly in triple-negative cases where the clinical interest of TILs determination is clearly established. The central aim of this viewpoint article is to delineate interesting new avenues for enlarging TILs' clinical usefulness in breast cancer. First, the advent of computational methods, including artificial intelligence (AI), represents a major shift toward improving TILs assessment, potentially reducing inter-observer variability and enabling reproducible scoring across institutions. Secondly, integrating emerging immunological tumoral markers like TLS (tertiary lymphoid structures) and CRATERs (CD8+ T cell structures) with TILs could further improve treatment outcome prediction. Thirdly, TIL levels may be modulated through the optimized use of chemotherapy, anti-angiogenic agents, and cancer vaccines. More knowledge continues to be gained regarding factors influencing TIL levels, including parity and breastfeeding, exposure to infection, metabolic stress, and environmental factors that contribute to immune fitness across the lifespan.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{ferrero2026tils,
  title = {{TILs in Breast Cancer: Paving New Ways Beyond Their Prognostic and Predictive Values.}},
  author = {Jean-Marc Ferrero and Loïc Trapani and Rym Bouriga and Baharia Mograbi and Jocelyn Gal and Gérard Milano},
  journal = {Cancers},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  doi = {10.3390/cancers18193085},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42882780},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - TILs in Breast Cancer: Paving New Ways Beyond Their Prognostic and Predictive Values.
AU  - Jean-Marc Ferrero
AU  - Loïc Trapani
AU  - Rym Bouriga
AU  - Baharia Mograbi
AU  - Jocelyn Gal
AU  - Gérard Milano
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/23
JO  - Cancers
DO  - 10.3390/cancers18193085
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42882780
AB  - Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) measurement has emerged as a critical biomarker in breast cancer management, being considered as having strong prognostic and predictive values, particularly in triple-negative cases where the clinical interest of TILs determination is clearly established. The central aim of this viewpoint article is to delineate interesting new avenues for enlarging TILs' clinical usefulness in breast cancer. First, the advent of computational methods, including artificial intelligence (AI), represents a major shift toward improving TILs assessment, potentially reducing inter-observer variability and enabling reproducible scoring across institutions. Secondly, integrating emerging immunological tumoral markers like TLS (tertiary lymphoid structures) and CRATERs (CD8+ T cell structures) with TILs could further improve treatment outcome prediction. Thirdly, TIL levels may be modulated through the optimized use of chemotherapy, anti-angiogenic agents, and cancer vaccines. More knowledge continues to be gained regarding factors influencing TIL levels, including parity and breastfeeding, exposure to infection, metabolic stress, and environmental factors that contribute to immune fitness across the lifespan.
SN  - 2072-6694
ER  -