Probing modified gravity with galaxy-cluster-lensed gravitational-wave time delays: impact of systematic effects
Abstract
Strongly lensed gravitational waves provide exceptionally precise measurements of relative macroimage arrival times, making their time delays a promising time-domain probe of gravity on galaxy-cluster scales. This precision places stringent demands on the control of lensing systematic effects. We present a proof-of-concept pipeline for constraining a phenomenological modification, D, of the galaxy cluster Weyl potential using the macroimage time-delay span of a simulated sample of binary neutron star (BNS) sources and cluster lenses described by a Navarro--Frenk--White cluster halo and a singular isothermal sphere for the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG). Closure tests recover the injected general-relativistic (GR) limit. Adopting a fiducial 5 per cent precision on the reconstructed time-delay span, we assess controlled mis-specifications of the halo mass and concentration, BCG contribution, source and lens positions, redshifts, line-of-sight environment, projected ellipticity and secondary cluster-scale structure. Within the adopted gravity model, neglecting halo ellipticity, secondary cluster-scale structure, cluster mis-centring and line-of-sight perturbations can induce significant, strongly configuration-dependent biases in the inferred parameter D. Biased estimates of the cluster halo mass and concentration, as well as systematic BNS source-position errors at the level considered here, produce significant coherent shifts. By contrast, uncertainties in the BCG contribution and in the lens and source redshifts are comparatively subdominant. These results highlight the need for explicit treatment of the above uncertainties before cluster-lensed gravitational wave time delays can be used as precision tests of gravity.
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BibTeX
@misc{tsaprazi2026probing,
title = {{Probing modified gravity with galaxy-cluster-lensed gravitational-wave time delays: impact of systematic effects}},
author = {Eleni Tsaprazi and Ettore Delpogetto and Federico Marulli and Amandine M.C Le Brun},
howpublished = {HAL},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.24351},
eprint = {2609.24351},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://hal.science/hal-05784457v1},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Probing modified gravity with galaxy-cluster-lensed gravitational-wave time delays: impact of systematic effects
AU - Eleni Tsaprazi
AU - Ettore Delpogetto
AU - Federico Marulli
AU - Amandine M.C Le Brun
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/21
PB - HAL
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.24351
UR - https://hal.science/hal-05784457v1
AB - Strongly lensed gravitational waves provide exceptionally precise measurements of relative macroimage arrival times, making their time delays a promising time-domain probe of gravity on galaxy-cluster scales. This precision places stringent demands on the control of lensing systematic effects. We present a proof-of-concept pipeline for constraining a phenomenological modification, D, of the galaxy cluster Weyl potential using the macroimage time-delay span of a simulated sample of binary neutron star (BNS) sources and cluster lenses described by a Navarro--Frenk--White cluster halo and a singular isothermal sphere for the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG). Closure tests recover the injected general-relativistic (GR) limit. Adopting a fiducial 5 per cent precision on the reconstructed time-delay span, we assess controlled mis-specifications of the halo mass and concentration, BCG contribution, source and lens positions, redshifts, line-of-sight environment, projected ellipticity and secondary cluster-scale structure. Within the adopted gravity model, neglecting halo ellipticity, secondary cluster-scale structure, cluster mis-centring and line-of-sight perturbations can induce significant, strongly configuration-dependent biases in the inferred parameter D. Biased estimates of the cluster halo mass and concentration, as well as systematic BNS source-position errors at the level considered here, produce significant coherent shifts. By contrast, uncertainties in the BCG contribution and in the lens and source redshifts are comparatively subdominant. These results highlight the need for explicit treatment of the above uncertainties before cluster-lensed gravitational wave time delays can be used as precision tests of gravity.
ER -