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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0ACS Omega

Cardiolipin-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Non-treponemal Antibody Detection Using Screen-Printed Electrodes: A Proof-of-Concept Study

  • Duane da Silva Moraes1,2
  • Bruna Ferri Serafini1,3
  • Felipe Longaray Kadel1,2
  • Gabriela Victória de Mello Jantzch1,4
  • Milleny Germann Souza1,2
  • Willyan Hasenkamp Carreira1,5
  • Antonio Shigueaki Takimi2
  • Julia Konzen Moreira1,2
5 affiliations
  1. 1Biosens Development and Industry of Biosensors LTDA (BIOSENS) , , ,
  2. 2Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , , , ,
  3. 3University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS) , , , ,
  4. 4Feevale University , , , ,
  5. 5Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL) , , ,
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Abstract

Syphilis remains a major public health concern. Although non-treponemal tests are widely used for screening and treatment monitoring, their interpretation relies on visual assessment of flocculation. Here, an amperometric biosensor using isolated cardiolipin (0.03–0.12%) as the sole biorecognition element was developed on carbon/graphene screen-printed electrodes. The 0.06% concentration was selected for subsequent experiments, and the biosensor discriminated positive and negative control materials across two electrode batches. Progressive positive-control dilution produced a systematic electrochemical response (R2 = 0.921). Electrode functionalization significantly affected the response (p < 0.001), supporting the contribution of immobilized cardiolipin. Discrimination was maintained under physiological and pathological glucose conditions (adjusted p < 0.001). These findings provide a preliminary proof-of-concept for cardiolipin-based electrochemical assessment of non-treponemal antibody reactivity. Further studies using clinical samples are required to establish analytical and clinical performance and investigate semiquantitative evaluation by correlating electrochemical responses with defined serological titers.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{moraes2026cardiolipinbased,
  title = {{Cardiolipin-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Non-treponemal Antibody Detection Using Screen-Printed Electrodes: A Proof-of-Concept Study}},
  author = {Duane da Silva Moraes and Bruna Ferri Serafini and Felipe Longaray Kadel and Gabriela Victória de Mello Jantzch and Milleny Germann Souza and Willyan Hasenkamp Carreira and Antonio Shigueaki Takimi and Julia Konzen Moreira},
  journal = {ACS Omega},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1021/acsomega.6c07930},
  url = {https://pubs.acs.org/acsodf/article/doi/10.1021/acsomega.6c07930/5459502/Cardiolipin-Based-Electrochemical-Biosensor-for},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Cardiolipin-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Non-treponemal Antibody Detection Using Screen-Printed Electrodes: A Proof-of-Concept Study
AU  - Duane da Silva Moraes
AU  - Bruna Ferri Serafini
AU  - Felipe Longaray Kadel
AU  - Gabriela Victória de Mello Jantzch
AU  - Milleny Germann Souza
AU  - Willyan Hasenkamp Carreira
AU  - Antonio Shigueaki Takimi
AU  - Julia Konzen Moreira
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/27
JO  - ACS Omega
DO  - 10.1021/acsomega.6c07930
UR  - https://pubs.acs.org/acsodf/article/doi/10.1021/acsomega.6c07930/5459502/Cardiolipin-Based-Electrochemical-Biosensor-for
AB  - Syphilis remains a major public health concern. Although non-treponemal tests are widely used for screening and treatment monitoring, their interpretation relies on visual assessment of flocculation. Here, an amperometric biosensor using isolated cardiolipin (0.03–0.12%) as the sole biorecognition element was developed on carbon/graphene screen-printed electrodes. The 0.06% concentration was selected for subsequent experiments, and the biosensor discriminated positive and negative control materials across two electrode batches. Progressive positive-control dilution produced a systematic electrochemical response (R2 = 0.921). Electrode functionalization significantly affected the response (p < 0.001), supporting the contribution of immobilized cardiolipin. Discrimination was maintained under physiological and pathological glucose conditions (adjusted p < 0.001). These findings provide a preliminary proof-of-concept for cardiolipin-based electrochemical assessment of non-treponemal antibody reactivity. Further studies using clinical samples are required to establish analytical and clinical performance and investigate semiquantitative evaluation by correlating electrochemical responses with defined serological titers.
SN  - 2470-1343
ER  -