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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0PLOS One

Assessment and decomposition of excessive red meat consumption among hypertensive adults: A Wagstaff decomposition analysis

  • Saba Karimi1
  • Sara Kaveh2
  • Sara Emamgholipour sefiddashti3
  • Samaneh Akbarpour4
  • Sajjad Dorri
  • Yosra Azizpour
4 affiliations
  1. 1Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3Department of Health Management, Policy and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  4. 4Sleep Breathing Disorders Research Center (SBDRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract

Introduction: Red meat consumption is an important dietary factor in hypertension management, yet its distribution may vary across socioeconomic groups. This study examines wealth-related inequality in red meat consumption among hypertensive adults in Iran. Objective: To quantify wealth-related inequality in red meat consumption among hypertensive adults in Iran and explore factors associated with this inequality. Methods: Utilizing data from the 2021 Iranian STEPS survey, a nationally representative sample of 9,024 hypertensive adults was analyzed. Excessive consumption was defined as consuming red meat four or more times per week. Wealth-related inequality in consumption was then assessed using a wealth index derived from principal component analysis (PCA) of household assets and living conditions. Wagstaff decomposition analysis was employed to disaggregate the concentration index (CI) and explore the contribution of each factor to the observed inequality. Results: The hypertensive adults included in the study had a mean age (95% CI) of 56.1 years (55.8, 56.5). The proportion of excessive red meat consumption was 16.5%. A significant wealth-related inequality was observed in excessive red meat consumption (CI = 0.179, p < 0.001), indicating that excessive consumption was concentrated among wealthier individuals. Wagstaff decomposition analysis showed that higher educational attainment (≥12 years) was the largest contributor to the observed inequality (20.6%), followed by unpaid work (6.8%), unemployment (4.4%), and age 40–59 years (4.2%). Overall, the included determinants explained 29.4% of the observed inequality. Conclusion: This study identified significant wealth-related inequality in excessive red meat consumption among hypertensive adults in Iran, with higher consumption concentrated among wealthier groups. Educational attainment was the largest contributor to the observed inequality. Policies should consider socioeconomic differences in dietary behaviors and promote targeted nutrition interventions to reduce cardiovascular risk and improve dietary equity.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{karimi2026assessment,
  title = {{Assessment and decomposition of excessive red meat consumption among hypertensive adults: A Wagstaff decomposition analysis}},
  author = {Saba Karimi and Sara Kaveh and Sara Emamgholipour sefiddashti and Samaneh Akbarpour and Sajjad Dorri and Yosra Azizpour},
  journal = {PLOS One},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0359650},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0359650},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Assessment and decomposition of excessive red meat consumption among hypertensive adults: A Wagstaff decomposition analysis
AU  - Saba Karimi
AU  - Sara Kaveh
AU  - Sara Emamgholipour sefiddashti
AU  - Samaneh Akbarpour
AU  - Sajjad Dorri
AU  - Yosra Azizpour
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/05
JO  - PLOS One
DO  - 10.1371/journal.pone.0359650
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0359650
AB  - Introduction: Red meat consumption is an important dietary factor in hypertension management, yet its distribution may vary across socioeconomic groups. This study examines wealth-related inequality in red meat consumption among hypertensive adults in Iran. Objective: To quantify wealth-related inequality in red meat consumption among hypertensive adults in Iran and explore factors associated with this inequality. Methods: Utilizing data from the 2021 Iranian STEPS survey, a nationally representative sample of 9,024 hypertensive adults was analyzed. Excessive consumption was defined as consuming red meat four or more times per week. Wealth-related inequality in consumption was then assessed using a wealth index derived from principal component analysis (PCA) of household assets and living conditions. Wagstaff decomposition analysis was employed to disaggregate the concentration index (CI) and explore the contribution of each factor to the observed inequality. Results: The hypertensive adults included in the study had a mean age (95% CI) of 56.1 years (55.8, 56.5). The proportion of excessive red meat consumption was 16.5%. A significant wealth-related inequality was observed in excessive red meat consumption (CI = 0.179, p < 0.001), indicating that excessive consumption was concentrated among wealthier individuals. Wagstaff decomposition analysis showed that higher educational attainment (≥12 years) was the largest contributor to the observed inequality (20.6%), followed by unpaid work (6.8%), unemployment (4.4%), and age 40–59 years (4.2%). Overall, the included determinants explained 29.4% of the observed inequality. Conclusion: This study identified significant wealth-related inequality in excessive red meat consumption among hypertensive adults in Iran, with higher consumption concentrated among wealthier groups. Educational attainment was the largest contributor to the observed inequality. Policies should consider socioeconomic differences in dietary behaviors and promote targeted nutrition interventions to reduce cardiovascular risk and improve dietary equity.
SN  - 1932-6203
ER  -