Hydrochemical characteristics and their controls in Jining National High-tech Zone: A land-use perspective
5 affiliations
- 1Shandong Provincial Lunan Geology and Exploration Institute, Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources No. 2 Geological Brigade, Jining, Shandong, China
- 2Shandong Key Laboratory of Geothermal Clean Energy, Jining, Shandong, China
- 3Observation and Research Station of Shandong Yangzhuang Karst Ecosystem, Ministry of Natural Resources, Jining, Shandong, China
- 4Hydrogeology and Water Resources Survey Office, Langfang Integrated Natural Resources Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Langfang, Hebei, China
- 5Innovation Base for Natural Resource Monitoring Technology in the downstream area of Yongding River of the Geological Society of China, Langfang, Hebei, China
Abstract
Groundwater chemistry reflects both natural and anthropogenic processes. In rapidly urbanizing areas where agricultural and construction land coexist, differences in shallow groundwater chemistry remain poorly understood. This study compared hydrochemical characteristics between agricultural and construction land-use types in the Jining National High-tech Zone, China, using geochemical diagrams, ion ratios, mineral saturation indices, and multivariate statistics. Groundwater in the study area was generally neutral to weakly alkaline, with pH 6.78–7.51 in agricultural samples and 7.19–7.47 in construction samples. Agricultural groundwater had higher mean TDS (797.28 vs 624.00 mg/L in construction groundwater) but lower variation, suggesting spatially uniform carbonate dissolution. Conversely, construction groundwater displayed higher mean Na+ concentrations (59.85 mg/L) and greater hydrochemical heterogeneity. After Holm correction, pH, TDS, total hardness, and Ca2+ differed significantly between the two land-use types (adjusted p < 0.05), whereas the remaining parameters, including NO3-N, did not. The Cl- coefficient of variation exceeded 100% in construction areas, and NO3-N variability was elevated in agricultural areas. These patterns indicate mixed influences from silicate weathering, cation exchange, and localized anthropogenic inputs. Principal component analysis yielded three components: PC1 (44.62%) represented a mineralization gradient, PC2 (17.08%) reflected pH–alkalinity balance, and PC3 (14.17%) indicated silicate weathering versus carbonate dissolution. PC1 and PC2 scores differed significantly among land-use types (p = 0.007 and 0.009, respectively), but PC3 scores did not (p = 0.826). Overall, agricultural groundwater showed carbonate-dissolution dominance with pronounced nitrate enrichment (NO3-N 102.7%), while construction groundwater showed silicate-influenced, Na-Cl-coupled signatures with greater heterogeneity (Cl- 106.6%). These results link land-use differences to distinct shallow groundwater hydrochemical patterns, though such patterns may reflect combined influences of land use, hydrogeological setting, and aquifer lithology. The findings underscore the need for land-use-specific groundwater management in rapidly urbanizing agricultural-industrial regions and provide a baseline for future process-oriented research.
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BibTeX
@article{meng2026hydrochemical,
title = {{Hydrochemical characteristics and their controls in Jining National High-tech Zone: A land-use perspective}},
author = {Xianzhou Meng and Yifu Fu and Junye Zhang and Feng Zhang and Xiaoying Li and Hongyan An and Tianjiao Wang},
journal = {PLOS One},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0360623},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0360623},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Hydrochemical characteristics and their controls in Jining National High-tech Zone: A land-use perspective
AU - Xianzhou Meng
AU - Yifu Fu
AU - Junye Zhang
AU - Feng Zhang
AU - Xiaoying Li
AU - Hongyan An
AU - Tianjiao Wang
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/14
JO - PLOS One
DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0360623
UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0360623
AB - Groundwater chemistry reflects both natural and anthropogenic processes. In rapidly urbanizing areas where agricultural and construction land coexist, differences in shallow groundwater chemistry remain poorly understood. This study compared hydrochemical characteristics between agricultural and construction land-use types in the Jining National High-tech Zone, China, using geochemical diagrams, ion ratios, mineral saturation indices, and multivariate statistics. Groundwater in the study area was generally neutral to weakly alkaline, with pH 6.78–7.51 in agricultural samples and 7.19–7.47 in construction samples. Agricultural groundwater had higher mean TDS (797.28 vs 624.00 mg/L in construction groundwater) but lower variation, suggesting spatially uniform carbonate dissolution. Conversely, construction groundwater displayed higher mean Na+ concentrations (59.85 mg/L) and greater hydrochemical heterogeneity. After Holm correction, pH, TDS, total hardness, and Ca2+ differed significantly between the two land-use types (adjusted p < 0.05), whereas the remaining parameters, including NO3-N, did not. The Cl- coefficient of variation exceeded 100% in construction areas, and NO3-N variability was elevated in agricultural areas. These patterns indicate mixed influences from silicate weathering, cation exchange, and localized anthropogenic inputs. Principal component analysis yielded three components: PC1 (44.62%) represented a mineralization gradient, PC2 (17.08%) reflected pH–alkalinity balance, and PC3 (14.17%) indicated silicate weathering versus carbonate dissolution. PC1 and PC2 scores differed significantly among land-use types (p = 0.007 and 0.009, respectively), but PC3 scores did not (p = 0.826). Overall, agricultural groundwater showed carbonate-dissolution dominance with pronounced nitrate enrichment (NO3-N 102.7%), while construction groundwater showed silicate-influenced, Na-Cl-coupled signatures with greater heterogeneity (Cl- 106.6%). These results link land-use differences to distinct shallow groundwater hydrochemical patterns, though such patterns may reflect combined influences of land use, hydrogeological setting, and aquifer lithology. The findings underscore the need for land-use-specific groundwater management in rapidly urbanizing agricultural-industrial regions and provide a baseline for future process-oriented research.
SN - 1932-6203
ER -